時(shí)間：2022-11-27 11:31:44
開(kāi)篇：寫(xiě)作不僅是一種記錄，更是一種創(chuàng)造，它讓我們能夠捕捉那些稍縱即逝的靈感，將它們永久地定格在紙上。下面是小編精心整理的12篇英文畢業(yè)論文，希望這些內(nèi)容能成為您創(chuàng)作過(guò)程中的良師益友，陪伴您不斷探索和進(jìn)步。
現(xiàn)如今，隨著世界文化的相互貫通，英語(yǔ)也已經(jīng)成為了國(guó)際交流語(yǔ)言，那么作為英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)的你而言是否清楚英文畢業(yè)論文致謝應(yīng)該怎么來(lái)撰寫(xiě)呢？下面是學(xué)術(shù)參考網(wǎng)小編為朋友們搜集整理的英文畢業(yè)論文致謝，歡迎閱讀！
英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)畢業(yè)論文致謝詞
Acknowledgements
MydeepestgratitudegoesfirstandforemosttoProfessoraaa，mysupervisor，forherconstantencouragementandguidance.Shehaswalkedmethroughallthestagesofthewritingofthisthesis.Withoutherconsistentandilluminatinginstruction，thisthesiscouldnothavereacheditspresentform.
Second，IwouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudetoProfessoraaa，wholedmeintotheworldoftranslation.IamalsogreatlyindebtedtotheprofessorsandteachersattheDepartmentofEnglish：Professordddd，Professorssss，whohaveinstructedandhelpedmealotinthepasttwoyears.
Lastmythankswouldgotomybelovedfamilyfortheirlovingconsiderationsandgreatconfidenceinmeallthroughtheseyears.Ialsoowemysinceregratitudetomyfriendsandmyfellowclassmateswhogavemetheirhelpandtimeinlisteningtomeandhelpingmeworkoutmyproblemsduringthedifficultcourseofthethesis
2. British English and American English 2
2.1The history of British English 3
2.2 The history of American English 4
3. Grammar differences between British English and American English 6
3.1 Lexical differences 6
3.1.1The different use of collective nouns in their single or plural forms 7
3.1.2 Differences in verb 7
3.1.2.1 Differences in the inflectional endings of verbs 7
3.1.2.2Different use of present perfect tenses 8
3.1.2.3 Different use of transitive and intransitive verbs 8
3.1.2.4 Different use of "have" 9
3.1.3 Different use of function words 9
3.1.3.1 Different use of preposition and adverb 9
3.1.3.2 Different use of auxiliary verb 10
3.1.3.3 Differences in articles 11
3.2 Syntactical differences 12
3.2.1 Differences in compound object 12
3.2.2 Presence or absence of syntactic elements 13
3.2.3 Different use of subjunctive mood 13
4. The differences between British English and the special form of American English—Black English 14
5. The tendency of the development of British English and American English 17
6. Conclusion 17
Acknowledgements 19
References 19
1．Introduction
There is one play in the famous American TV series Friends: Ross will go to England to marry Emily, suddenly Rachel decides to show his love to Ross and goes to England either, so his friend Phoebe makes a call to tell the news to Ross and Emily, Emily’s housekeeper answers the call. The dialogue as follows:
Housekeeper: The Waltham Residence.
Phoebe: Oh...yes…is this…umm…Emily’s Parents’ house?
Housekeeper: This is the housekeeper speaking. And by the way, young lady, that is not how one addresses oneself on the telephone. First one identifies oneself and then asks for the person with whom one wishes to speak.
Phoebe: (In a British accent)This is Phoebe Buffay. I was wondering, please, if-if it’s not too much trouble, please, umm，might I speak to Miss Emily Waltham, please?
Housekeeper: Miss Waltham is at the rehearsal dinner and it’s not polite to make fun of people. Goodbye.
Phoebe: No,no,no, I’ll be nice, I swear!!! Could you just give me the number for where they are?
Housekeeper: I’m afraid, I’m not at liberty to divulge that information.
Phoebe: Ok, somebody is on their way to ruin wedding okay. And I have to warn somebody, alright. So if you don’t give me that number then I’m going to come over there and kick your snooty ass all the way to New Glocken...shire.
Housekeeper: Hangs up[1]
We can see from the above dialogue that British English is more serious and formal than American English. The American speaks at will while the Englishmen speak gently. As we all know the two major varieties of English used by people as native language are British and American English. There seems to be little differences between the two varieties but the influences are very different. On some occasion we may have some mistakes in communication, in order to help the English speakers and learners understand the two varieties better and to eliminate troubles that may prevent communication and English writing, so I will make analysis on the grammar differences between British English and American English.
2. British English and American English
Nowadays English has developed into a global language. The fact that such a large number of people all around the world speak English means that there are many dialects and varieties. The two major varieties of English used by people as native language are British and American English. As a message carrier, English fully reflects the unique culture possessed by the British and American countries. Since in Dissertations on the English Language, Noah Webster pointed out “several circumstances render a feature separation of the American tongue from the English necessary and unavoidable.”
2.1 The History of British English
English is a West Germanic language which originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic settlers from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the northern Netherlands. Initially, Old English was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms of England. One of these dialects, Late West Saxon, eventually came to dominate. The original Old English language was then influenced by two waves of invasion: the first by speakers of the Scandinavian branch of the Germanic language family, who conquered and colonized parts of Britain in the 8th and 9th centuries; the second by the Normans in the 11th century, who spoke Old Norman and ultimately developed an English variety of this called Anglo-Norman. These two invasions caused English to become "mixed" to some degree, though it was never a truly mixed language in the strict linguistic sense of the word, as mixed languages arise from the cohabitation of speakers of different languages, who develop a hybrid tongue for basic communication.
Cohabitation with the Scandinavians resulted in a significant grammatical simplification and lexical enrichment of the Anglo-Frisian core of English; the later Norman occupation led to the grafting onto that Germanic core of a more elaborate layer of words from the Romance languages. This Norman influence entered English largely through the courts and government. Thus, English developed into a "borrowing" language of great flexibility, resulting in an enormous and varied vocabulary. It mainly divided into four periods.
（1）Proto-English （the 5th century AD）[2]
The languages of Germanic tribes gave rise to the English language (the Angles, Saxons, Frisians, Jutes and perhaps even the Franks), who traded and fought with the Latin-speaking Roman Empire in the centuries-long process of the Germanic peoples' expansion into Western Europe. Many Latin words for common objects entered the vocabulary of these Germanic peoples before any of their tribes reached Britain; examples include camp, cheese, cook, fork, inch, kettle, kitchen, linen, mile, mill, mint (coin), noon, pillow, pin, pound, punt (boat), street and wall. The Romans also gave the English language words which they had themselves borrowed from other languages: anchor, butter, chest, devil, dish, sack and wine.
（2）Old English（AD 450—1100）[2]
The invaders' Germanic language replaced the indigenous Brythonic languages. （form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family, the other being Goidelic）The original Celtic languages remained in parts of Scotland, Wales and Cornwall. The dialects spoken by the Anglo-Saxons formed what is now called Old English. Later, it was strongly influenced by the North Germanic language Norse, spoken by the Vikings （is one of the Norse (Scandinavian) explorers, warriors, merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the late eighth to the early eleventh century.）who invaded and settled mainly in the north-east of England. The new and the earlier settlers spoke languages from different branches of the Germanic family; many of their lexical roots were the same or similar, although their grammars were more distinct, including the prefix, suffix and inflection patterns for many words. The Germanic language of these Old English-speaking inhabitants was influenced by contact with Norse invaders, which might have been responsible for some of the morphological simplification of Old English, including the loss of grammatical gender and explicitly marked case (with the notable exception of the pronouns). The most famous surviving work from the Old English period is a fragment of the epic poem "Beowulf" composed by an unknown poet; it is thought to have been substantially modified, probably by Christian clerics long after its composition.
（3）Middle English（AD 1066-1470）[2]
For about 300 years following the Norman Conquest in 1066, the Norman kings and their high nobility spoke only one of the langues d'oïl called Anglo-Norman, whilst English continued to be the language of the common people. Various contemporary sources suggest that within fifty years of the invasion, most of the Normans outside the royal court spoke English, with French remaining the prestige language of government and law, largely out of social inertia. For example, Orderic Vitalis, a historian born in 1075 and the son of a Norman knight, said that he learned French only as a second language. A tendency for French-derived words to have more formal connotations has continued to the present day; most modern English speakers would consider a "cordial reception" (from French) to be more formal than a "hearty welcome" (Germanic). Another example is the very unusual construction of the words for animals being separated from the words for their food products e.g. beef and pork (from the French bœuf and porc) being the products of the Germanically named animals 'cow' and 'pig'.
（4）Modern English（1500 up to the present）[2]
Modern English can be divided into two parts: early modern english(1500-1800)and late modern English. Modern English is often dated from the Great Vowel Shift, which took place mainly during the 15th century. English was further transformed by the spread of a standardized London-based dialect in government and administration and by the standardizing effect of printing. By the time of William Shakespeare (mid-late 16th century), the language had become clearly recognizable as Modern English.
English has continuously adopted foreign words, especially from Latin and Greek, since the Renaissance. (In the 17th century, Latin words were often used with the original inflections, but these eventually disappeared). As there are many words from different languages and English spelling is variable, the risk of mispronunciation is high, but remnants of the older forms remain in a few regional dialects, most notably in the West Country.
In 1755, Samuel Johnson published the first significan t English dictionary, his Dictionary of the English Language.
2.2 The history of American English
During the 17th century, or more precisely on May 14, 1607, the first English settlers landed in Virginia. This was a group of 104 London entrepreneurs and they established the first English colony in Jamestown. Later on, in 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers, settlers from England, landed in Massachusetts, and also brought the English language over the Atlantic Ocean to America and another variety of English was born, American English. This variety is the largest of all the English varieties, since as many as 70% of the native English speakers live in the US. American English has preserved a number of words and features from the English spoken in England at the time of the settlement, which have now been changed in British English.
The history of American English can be divided into the colonial (1607-1776), the national (1776-1898), and the international (1898-present) periods. During nearly four hundred years of use in North America, the English language changed in small ways in pronunciation and grammar but extensively in vocabulary and in the attitude of its speakers. English settlements along the Atlantic Coast during the seventeenth century provided the foundation for English as a permanent language in the New World. But the English of the American colonies was bound to become distinct from that of the motherland. When people do not talk with one another, they begin to talk differently. The Atlantic Ocean served as an effective barrier to oral communication between the colonists and those who stayed in England, ensuring that their speech would evolve in different directions.[3]
Americans also came cheek-to-jowl with "Amerindians" of several linguistic stocks, as well as French and Dutch speakers. They had to talk in new ways to communicate with their new neighbors. Moreover, the settlers had come from various districts and social groups of England, so there was a homogenizing effect: those in a given colony came to talk more like one another and less like any particular community in England. All these influences combined to make American English a distinct variety of the language. In the United States, there are also regional differences, and these are ultimately descendants of a mixture of accents spoken in the British Isles at the time of the settlement of America. Dialect boundaries in the US tend to run from east to west. The first immigrants settled along the Atlantic coast and they spread from east to west across the continent and took some dialect forms, for example words and pronunciation features, with them. The dialect areas in North America are much larger than they are in England, mainly because English has been spoken in England for about 1,500 years, but in America for only approximately 300 years. Because of America’s recent settlement, there has not been enough time for linguistic changes and this is why there are not so many dialect differences in this large country.
3. Grammar differences between British English and American English
English grammar is the set of rules within the English language itself. "An English grammar"(one kind of grammar system)is a specific study or analysis of these rules. In linguistics, grammar refers to the logical and structural rules that govern the composition of sentences, phrases, and words in any given natural language. The term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes lexicology and syntax, often complemented by phonetics, phonology, semantics, and pragmatics. I mainly make analysis on the lexical and syntactical differences between British English and American English.
3.1 Lexical Differences
Lexicology is that part of linguistics which studies words, their nature and meaning, words’ elements, relations between words (semantical relations), words groups and the whole lexicon. Lexical differences mean relating to the words’ differences of a language.
3.1.1 The different use of collective nouns in their single or plural forms
Collective nouns such as “team, faculty, family, government” often take plural verb agreement and plural pronoun substitution in Britain English, but they nearly always take singular agreement and singular pronoun substitution in American English. There is a tendency in Britain English, to stress the individuality of the members, which is reflected in plural verb agreement and pronoun substitution, whereas American English Strongly tends to stress the unitary function of the group, which is reflected in singular verb and pronoun forms.[4] 6
Some examples:
Your team is doing well this year, isn’t it? (AmE)
Your team are doing well this year, aren’t they? (BrE)
3.1.2 Differences in Verb
In syntax, a verb is a word (part of speech) that usually denotes an action (bring, read), an occurrence (decompose, glitter), or a state of being (exist, stand). Depending on the language, a verb may vary in form according to many factors, possibly including its tense, aspect, mood and voice. It may also agree with the person, gender, and/or number of some of its arguments (subject, object).
3.1.2.1 Differences in the Inflectional Endings of Verbs
The past tense and past participle of the verbs are different in BrE and AmE.
The past tense and past participle of the verbs learn, spoil, spell, burn, dream, smell, spill, leap, and others, can be either irregular (learnt, spoilt, etc.) or regular (learned, spoiled, etc.). In BrE, the irregular and regular forms are current; in some cases (smelt, leapt) there is a strong tendency towards the irregular forms (especially by speakers using Received Pronunciation); in other cases (dreamed, leaned, learned) the regular forms are somewhat more common. In AmE, the irregular forms are never or rarely used (except for burnt and leapt).
Nonetheless, as with other usages considered nowadays to be typically British, the t endings are often found in older American texts. However, usage may vary when the past participles are actually adjectives, as in burnt toast.( Note that the two-syllable form learned ['lə:nid] usually written simply as learnt, is still used as an adjective to mean "educated", or to refer to academic institutions, in both BrE and AmE.)Finally, the past tense and past participle of dwell and kneel are more commonly dwelt and knelt on both sides of the Atlantic, although dwelled and kneeled are widely used in the US (but not in the UK).
In British English, the past tense of “get’’ is “got”, while American English usually use its past participle “gotten”.
For example,
A. John has got much better during the last week. (BrE)
B. John has gotten much better during the last week. (AmE)
According to the custom that British English usually uses “got” while American English “gotten”, we can quickly tell the nationality of the speaker. The former is British and the later is American. When Americans use “got”, they mean “own, possess and dominate”, such as the following two examples:
They’ve got no pride.
I’ve got plenty of material if I can just handle it.
3.1.2.2 Different use of present perfect tenses
Traditionally, BrE uses the present perfect tense to talk about an event in the recent past(express an action that has occurred in the recent past that has an effect on the present moment) and with the words already, just, and yet. For example:
British English:[5]
I've just had lunch
I've already seen that film
Have you finished your homework yet?
American English:[5]
I just had lunch or I've just had lunch.
I've already seen that film OR I already saw that film.
Have your finished your homework yet? Or did you finish your homework yet?
In American usage, these meanings can be expressed with the present perfect (to express a fact) or the simple past (to imply an expectation). This American style has become widespread only in the past 20 to 30 years; the British style is still in common use as well. In British English the present perfect is used to.
"I've just arrived home." / "I just arrived home."
"I've already eaten." / "I already ate." [6]
Recently, the American use of just with simple past has made inroads into BrE, most visibly in advertising slogans and headlines such as "Cable broadband just got faster".
Similarly, AmE occasionally replaces the pluperfect with the preterite. Also, US spoken usage sometimes, especially with the contracted forms, substitutes the conditional for the pluperfect (If I would have cooked the pie we could have had it for lunch), but this tends to be avoided in writing.[6]
3.1.2.3 Different use of transitive and intransitive verbs
The following verbs show differences in transitivity between BrE and AmE.[6]
agree: transitive or intransitive in BrE, usually intransitive in AmE (agree a contract/agree to or on a contract). However, in formal AmE legal writing one often sees constructions like as may be agreed between the parties (rather than as may be agreed upon between the parties).
appeal(as a decision): usually intransitive in BrE (used with against) and transitive in AmE (appeal against the decision to the Court/appeal the decision to the Court).
cater("to provide food and service"): intransitive in BrE, transitive in AmE (to cater for a banquet/to cater a banquet).
claim: sometimes intransitive in BrE (used with for), strictly transitive in AmE.
protest: in the sense of "oppose", intransitive in BrE, transitive in AmE (The workers protested against the decision/The workers protested the decision). The intransitive protest against in AmE means, "to hold or participate in a demonstration against". The older sense "proclaim" is always transitive (protest one's innocence).
write: in BrE, the indirect object of this verb usually requires the preposition to, for example, I'll write to my MP or I'll write to her (although it is not required in some situations, for example when an indirect object pronoun comes before a direct object noun, for example, I'll write her a letter). In AmE, write can be used monotransitively (I'll write my congressman; I'll write him).
3.1.2.4 Different use of “have”.
British English usually uses “Have you any children?” or “Have you got any
children?” while Americans commonly express the same meaning with “Do you have any children?”Let us see some other examples.
How many brothers do you have? (AmE)
How many brothers have you? (BrE)
You don’t have much room here. (AmE)
You haven’t (got) much room here. (BrE)
3.1.3 Different use of function words
Function words (or grammatical words) are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning, but instead serve to express grammatical relationships with other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. Words that are not function words are called content words (or lexical words): these include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and most adverbs, although some adverbs are function words (e.g., then and why). Dictionaries define the specific meanings of content words, but can only describe the general usages of function words. By contrast, grammars describe the use of function words in detail, but treat lexical words in general terms only. Now I will compare the different use of function words in BrE and AE in detail as follows.
3.1.3.1 Different use of preposition and adverb
Differences between British and American English in prepositions are shown in the following two aspects: (1) different use of prepositions in the construction of phrases; (2) when using phrases, one will use a preposition while the other will omit it.
(1)Let us first review the different use of prepositions.
Your daughter’s name stands first in the list. (BrE)
Your daughter’s name stands first on the list. (AmE)
These dresses are in a sale. (BrE)
These dresses are on sale. (AmE)
He will come here at a quarter to three. (BrE, AmE)
He will come here at a quarter before /of / till three. (AmE)
She lives just round the corner (BrE).[7]4
She lives just around the corner (AmE).
Similarly, “five past nine” can be expressed in American English by “five after nine” or “nine five”. In front of “weekend” and “Christmas”, British English uses “at” or “over”, while American English adopts “over” or “on”.
At the weekend / Christmas (BrE)
Over the weekend / Christmas (BrE, AmE)
On the weekend / Christmas (AmE)
(2) Omitting preposition[8]2
In British English, before “day”, “week” or “certain day”, preposition “on” shall be used, while it is not so in American English.
The new term begins on September 1. (BrE)
The new term begins September 1. (AmE)
I’ll see you on Monday. (BrE)
I’ll see you Monday. (AmE)
In American English, when “home” is used as an adverb, the preposition “at” is not needed. But, in British English, “at” is required before “home”. Hence, “at home” is used in British English.
Is he home? (AmE)
Is he at home? (BrE)
3.1.3.2 Different use of auxiliary verb
In linguistics, an auxiliary is a verb functioning to give further semantic or syntactic information about the main or full verb following it. There are three types: Modal auxiliaries，have and go.
No matter in the frequency or the tendency of auxiliary verb, AmE differs from BrE. Their differences are stated as follows:.
(1)shall
Shall in BrE, is widely used in the fist person to raise questions, answer questions ,or to express future, while in AmE it is only used in the law file or informal style paper. In formal style paper, people usually use will or should. Such as:
Br.E:1)I shall tell you later.
Am.E:1)I will tell you later.
2)Shall I drink this now?
2)Should I drink this now?
(2)would[9]2
Would has two special usages in AmE, firstly it can show the usual action in the past. such as: When I was small, I would go there everyday.
However in BrE, the past tense or used to can express the past uaual action, therefore in BrE the above sentence should be changed into: When I was small, I went there everyday. Or When I was wmall, I used to go there everyday.
Secondly, would in AmE can express hypothesis in some informal language, quite like a kind of subjunctive mood, however in BrE not.
Try to compare:
Am.E:1)I wish I would have done it.
2)If I would have seen one, I would have bought it for you.
Br.E(it also the same with AmE):1)I wish I had done it.
2)If I had seen one, I would have bought it for you.
In Br.E, “would” and “will” can express suppose, while in Am.E the auxiliary verb “should” and “must” express supposition. Try to compare:
Br.E:1)That will be the postman at the door.
2)That would be zhongshan Road over there.
Am.E: 1)That must be (should be)the mailman at the door.
2)That should be(must be)Zhongshan Rood over there.
(3)used to
“Used to” in AmE is not seen as Modal auxiliary, but seen as notional word. To the opposite, in Br.E, used to is just seen as modal auxiliary, can offer or deny questions, also can be used as notional word but people use “do” to offer or deny questions. For example:
1)He used to go there.(notional verb)
Did he use to go there.(notional verb)
2)Used he to go there.(auxiliary verb)
He used not to go there.(auxiliary verb)
(4)ought to[9]6
“Ought to” is widely used in BrE to raise or deny questions, but in AmE use “should” to substitute for it, such as:
Br.E:1)Ought we to eat lunch?
Am.E:1)Should we eat lunch?
2)You ought not(oughtn’t) to have said that. 2)You shouldn’t have said that.
In AmE, ought to and used to are all used as notional verbs in the informal papers and such forms are said to be not standard forms. For example:
1)Did you ought to say that?
2)You didn’t ought to have said that.
(5) Different use of the indefinite pronoun “one”
In BrE we can use “one” to indicate the “one” of the former writing again while in AmE we usually use “he” or “his” to instead the “one” of the former writing. For instance:
One cannot succeed unless one works hard.(BrE)
One cannot succeed unless he works hard.(AmE)
3.1.3.3 Differences in articles[19]
(1)The omitting of articles
Most phrases of British English have articles, while those of American English do not have. The “the” in the standard expressions in British English “all the afternoon”, “all the winter”, “all the week”, “this time of the year”, ect. But the articles are usually omitted in American English. For example:
The swimming pools are open all summer.
I’ll be here all afternoon.
He has been gone all week.
British English will use articles in front of “sickness”, “river” and etc., while American English does not. For example,
British English expresses in the form of “the measles”, “the mumps”, “the flu”, “the Niagara Falls” and “the Black Creek”, while American English says “measles”, “mumps”, “flu”, “Niagara Falls” and “Black Creek”.
However, there are exceptions. In some expressions, British English does not use articles, while American English does.
BrE AmE
Go into hospital Go into the hospital
In hospital In the hospital
At university At the university
Sentences are as follows:
Next day, the rain began. (BrE)
The next day, the rain began. (AmE)
In future, I’d like you to pay more attention to detail. (BrE)
In the future, I’d like you to pay more attention to detail. (AmE)
(2) The position of articles
British English and American English are different from each other in the use of “a” or “an” with “half”. In British English, “a” follows “half”, for example, “half a dozen”, “half an hour”, “half a mile”, and “half a pound”. In American English, “a” is put in front of “half”, for example, “a half dozen”, “a half hour”, “a half mile” and “a half pound”.
3.2 Syntactical differences
Syntax is the study of the principles and rules for constructing sentences in natural languages. The sentence is the highest rank of grammatical unit. Based on one or more than one clause, the sentence is also the basic linguistic unit of connected discourse; it can stand alone and perform a function in social communication. Thus, a sentence can be defined as a grammatical unit that can perform a communicative function. I will explain the syntactic differences as follows.
3.2.1Differences in compound object[20]
The Verb“ -to do” usually used as compound object in British English, While past participle or past participle phrase mostly used as compound object in American English. Try to compare:
1)He also had ordered his luggage to be labeled for crew.(Bronte.) (BrE)
2)Last year an American hotel manager ordered his quests evacuated after an anonymous bomb threat.(AmE)
3)I have a roll that was in dead storage during the war which I ordered put back in running order. (O' Hara) (AmE)
The two compound structures (compound object with past participle and compound object with –to do) are both used in the BrE and AmE, while the AmE use compound object more frequent ly than BrE. However, there are some differences in the routine usage of Verb related to this phrase structure. The verb “to order” usually linked with the compound structure with past participle in AmE, but linked with the compound structure with “verb -to do” in BrE.
3.2.2 Presence or absence of syntactic elements[11]
Where a statement of intention involves two separate activities, it is acceptable for speakers of AmE to use to go plus bare infinitive. Speakers of BrE would instead use to go and plus bare infinitive. Thus, where a speaker of AmE might say I'll go take a bath, BrE speakers would say I'll go and have a bath. (Both can also use the form to go to instead to suggest that the action may fail, as in He went to take/have a bath, but the bath was full of children.) Similarly, to come plus bare infinitive is acceptable to speakers of AmE, where speakers of BrE would instead use to come and plus bare infinitive. Thus, where a speaker of AmE might say come see what I bought, BrE speakers would say come and see what I've bought (notice the present perfect tense: a common British preference).
As to whether a preposition is used before days denoted by a single word, British people would say she resigned on Thursday, while Americans often say she resigned Thursday, but both forms are common in American usage. Occasionally, in AmE the preposition is also absent when referring to months: I'll be here December (although this usage is generally limited to colloquial speech).But, it will say “I’ll be here on December.” in BrE.
In the UK, from is used with single dates and times more often than in the United States. Where British speakers and writers may say the new museum will be open from Tuesday, Americans most likely say the new museum will be open starting Tuesday. (This difference does not apply to phrases of the pattern from A to B, which are used in both BrE and AmE.) A variation or alternative of this is the most American will say “the play opens Tuesday” and the most British will say “the play opens on Tuesday”. American legislators and lawyers always use the preposition of between the name of a legislative act and the year it was passed, while their British colleagues do not. We can see such differences by making comparison between Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and Disability Discrimination Act 1995.
3.2.3 Different use of subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood used more in AmE than in BrE, which is mainly used in the formal style paper.
In subjunctive mood, American English will rarely reserve traditional subjunctive words.
I suggest that meeting be postponed. (AmE)
I suggest that meeting should be postponed. (BrE)
I wish I had done it. (AmE)
I wish I would have done it. (BrE)
4. The grammatical differences between British English and the special form of American English—Black English
Black English also called African American Vernacular English which is an African American variety (dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of American English.There are four points in which black English differs from British English.
1)Negation
In addition, negatives are formed differently from standard American English:
Use of ain't as a general negative indicator. It can be used where Standard English would use am not, isn't, aren't, haven't and hasn't, a trait which is not specific to AAVE. However, in marked contrast to other varieties of English in the U.S., some speakers of AAVE also use ain't instead of don't, doesn't, or didn't (e.g., I ain't know that).[14] Ain't had its origins in common English, but became increasingly stigmatized since the 19th century. See also amn't.
Negative concord, popularly called "double negation", as in I didn't go nowhere; if the sentence is negative, all negatable forms are negated. This contrasts with Standard English, where a double negative is considered a positive (although this wasn't always so; see double negative). There is also "triple" or "multiple negation", as in the phrase I don't know nothing about no one no more, which would be "I don't know anything about anybody anymore" in Standard English.
In a negative construction, an indefinite pronoun such as nobody or nothing can be inverted with the negative verb particle for emphasis (eg. Don't nobody know the answer, Ain't nothin' goin' on.)
While these are features that AAVE has in common with Creole languages,[15] Howe and Walker use data from early recordings of African Nova Scotian English, Samaná English, and the recordings of former slaves to demonstrate that negation was inherited from nonstandard colonial English.
Some of these characteristics, notably doubl e negatives and the omission of certain auxiliaries such as the has in has been are also characteristic of general colloquial American English.
2)The omission of copula in black English
You crazy! ("You're crazy") or She my sister ("She's my sister"). The phenomenon is also observed in questions: Who you? ("Who're you?") and Where you at? ("Where are you (at)?"). On the other hand, a stressed is cannot be dropped: She is my sister.
Only the forms is and are (the latter of which, in any case, is often replaced by is) can be omitted. These forms cannot be omitted when they are pronounced with a stress (whether or not the stress serves specifically to impart an emphatic sense to the verb's meaning).
These forms cannot be omitted when the corresponding form in Standard English cannot show contraction (and vice-versa). For example, I don't know where he is cannot be reduced to (BrE) I don't know where he because in Standard English the corresponding reduction I don't know where he's is likewise impossible. (Though I don't know where he at is possible.) Possibly some other minor conditions apply as well.[16]
3)Present-tense verbs uninflected for number/person
there is no -s ending in the present-tense third-person singular. Example: She write poetry ("She writes poetry"). Similarly, was is used for what in standard English are contexts for both was and were.[17]
4)The word it or is denoting the existence of something
This usage is equivalent to Standard English there in "there is", or "there are". It is also found in the English of the US South. Examples its a doughnut in the cabinet ("There's a doughnut in the cabinet") and It ain't no spoon ("There isn't a spoon", also "They ain't no spoon").[17]
5) Altered syntax in questions
Why they ain't growin'? ("Why aren't they growing?") and Who the hell she think she is? ("Who the hell does she think she is?") lack the inversion of standard English. Because of this, there is also no need for the auxiliary DO.[18]
To put it simply, we can summarize the grammatical differences between British and American daily English as follows[19]:
(1) Sometimes, British and American English use different grammatical forms to express the same meaning;
(2) Sometimes, the same grammatical form expresses different meanings in British and American English;
(3) In some structures, either British English or American English will use integrated grammatical form, while the other adopts the omitted form;
(4) Sometimes, American and British English use the same grammatical form to express the same concept and meaning.
However, one of them may have another expression form, while the other does not. We could only avoid misunderstanding by paying attention to those differences in our study.
5. The tendency of the development of British English and American English
The English language changes as the rapid development of politics, economic, culture in Britain and American. After it goes through the three periods (old English, middle English and modern English),it also changes everyday, especially in the related ten years, the changes of English becomes more obvious. Although the English structure is not as obvious as the lexical development, it does not ignore. On the aspect of grammar, English experience the changes from the verb inflections of old English to use word in order to express meaning in the past 1500years, and English also become analytic language from synthetic language. Such experience makes English flexible, meanwhile it also broke the traditional grammar frame, the former disagreed rules transferred into acceptable English even native English. The speed on renewing lexical words is very fast.
On the whole, British English and American English fuse with each other, and they tend to be brief, clear and more flexible for use.
6．Conclusion
As the globalization and information world developed, more and more people from different countries use the same language―English to communicate and exchange ideas with each other. The above discussion about grammar difference between British English and American English is what I have found and concluded. Although there are many differences in detailed aspects in the use of daily British and American English, they are similar to each other in most of aspects. Therefore, they shall only be considered as different forms of the same language rather than two different languages. In addition, we cannot say which one is better or advanced. Any judgment or opinion that “British English is better or worse than American English” is biased. The purpose of this paper is to help English learners understand the two varieties better and eliminate some mistakes caused in communication or paper writing.
The differences between the British English and American English are caused by politics, economy, social life, culture, and geography. American English developed from British English, but it differs from British English. All in all, sinc e English is characterized by its huge vocabulary, great tolerance, and conciseness, it leaves little room for argument that English will be well on its way to be a diversified common language.
Acknowledgements
My initial thanks go to my supervisor Zhu Min, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.
I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Mao Can、Gao YunPing and many others.
My greatest personal debt is to my grandparents and parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.
The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.
References
[1] 周樂(lè), 美式英語(yǔ)與英式英語(yǔ)比較與分析[J]. 湖南商學(xué)院外語(yǔ)系,2008.
[2] Wikipedia Contributors
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_English_language
[3] blog.languagetranslation.com/public/item/118655
[4] 王振明和公麗艷，英式英語(yǔ)與美式英語(yǔ)的差異[J]. 山東教育學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2002.
[5] esl.about.com/od/toeflieltscambridge/a/dif_ambrit.htm
[6]en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_differences#Use_of_tenses
[7] 孟憲友，英語(yǔ)與美語(yǔ)的差別對(duì)比研究[J]. 廣州大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院英語(yǔ)系,2002.
, Jour.of N.W. SCI-TECH Uni.of Agri.and Fore,2001.
, Journal of Shijiazhuang Teachers College,2001
, Journal of Wuhu Vocational Institute of Technology,2007
[11]Wikipedia Contributors
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_differences
, Journal of Hunan Agricultural University(Social Sciences), 2007
[13]張振邦,新編語(yǔ)法教程[M].上海,上海教育出版社,1993
, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press
[15] Winford, Donald (1992), "Back to the past: The BEV/creole connection revisited", Language Variation and Change 4 (3): 311-357
[16] Geoff Pullum, "Why Ebonics Is No Joke" Lingua Franca transcript, 17 October 1998, Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
[17] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Negation
[18] Green, Lisa J., African American English: A Linguistic Introduction[M], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002
一、畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）撰寫(xiě)結(jié)構(gòu)要求
1、題目：應(yīng)簡(jiǎn)潔、明確、有概括性，字?jǐn)?shù)不宜超過(guò)20個(gè)字。
2、摘要：要有高度的概括力，語(yǔ)言精練、明確。同時(shí)有中、英文對(duì)照，中文摘要約300—400漢字；英文摘要約200—300個(gè)實(shí)詞。
3、關(guān)鍵詞：從論文標(biāo)題或正文中挑選3～5個(gè)最能表達(dá)主要內(nèi)容的詞作為關(guān)鍵詞，同時(shí)有中、英文對(duì)照，分別附于中、英文摘要后。
4、目錄：寫(xiě)出目錄，標(biāo)明頁(yè)碼。
5、正文：
（1）畢業(yè)論文正文：包括前言、本論、結(jié)論三個(gè)部分。
前言（引言）是論文的開(kāi)頭部分，主要說(shuō)明論文寫(xiě)作的目的、現(xiàn)實(shí)意義、對(duì)所研究問(wèn)題的認(rèn)識(shí)，并提出論文的中心論點(diǎn)等。前言要寫(xiě)得簡(jiǎn)明扼要，篇幅不要太長(zhǎng)。
本論是畢業(yè)論文的主體，包括研究?jī)?nèi)容與方法、實(shí)驗(yàn)材料、實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果與分析（討論）等。在本部分要運(yùn)用各方面的研究方法和實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果，分析問(wèn)題，論證觀點(diǎn)，盡量反映出自己的科研能力和學(xué)術(shù)水平。
結(jié)論是畢業(yè)論文的收尾部分，是圍繞本論所作的結(jié)束語(yǔ)。其基本的要點(diǎn)就是總結(jié)全文，加深題意。
（2）畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)正文包括前言、本論、結(jié)論三個(gè)部分。
前言（引言）：說(shuō)明本設(shè)計(jì)的目的、意義、范圍及應(yīng)達(dá)到的技術(shù)要求；簡(jiǎn)述本課題在國(guó)內(nèi)外的發(fā)展概況及存在的問(wèn)題；本設(shè)計(jì)的指導(dǎo)思想；闡述本設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)解決的主要問(wèn)題。
本論：
①設(shè)計(jì)方案論證：說(shuō)明設(shè)計(jì)原理并進(jìn)行方案選擇。說(shuō)明為什么要選擇這個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)方案（包括各種方案的分析、比較）；闡述所采用方案的特點(diǎn)（如采用了何種新技術(shù)、新措施、提高了什么性能等）。
②計(jì)算部分：這部分在設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)中應(yīng)占有相當(dāng)?shù)谋壤Ｒ谐龈髁悴考墓ぷ鳁l件、給定的參數(shù)、計(jì)算公式以及各主要參數(shù)計(jì)算的詳細(xì)步驟和計(jì)算結(jié)果；根據(jù)此計(jì)算應(yīng)選用什么原器件或零部件；對(duì)應(yīng)采用計(jì)算機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)還應(yīng)包括各種軟件設(shè)計(jì)。
③結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)部分：包括機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、各種電氣控制線路設(shè)計(jì)及功能電路設(shè)計(jì)、計(jì)算機(jī)控制的硬件裝置設(shè)計(jì)等，以及以上各種設(shè)計(jì)所繪制的圖紙。
④樣機(jī)或試件的各種實(shí)驗(yàn)及測(cè)試情況：包括實(shí)驗(yàn)方法、線路及數(shù)據(jù)處理等。
⑤方案的校驗(yàn)：說(shuō)明所設(shè)計(jì)的系統(tǒng)是否滿足各項(xiàng)性能指標(biāo)的要求，能否達(dá)到預(yù)期效果。校驗(yàn)的方法可以是理論驗(yàn)算（即反推算），包括系統(tǒng)分析；也可以是實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)試及計(jì)算機(jī)的上機(jī)運(yùn)算等。
結(jié)論：概括說(shuō)明設(shè)計(jì)的情況和價(jià)值，分析其優(yōu)點(diǎn)和特色、有何創(chuàng)新、性能達(dá)到何水平，并應(yīng)指出其中存在的問(wèn)題和今后改進(jìn)的方向。
6、謝辭：簡(jiǎn)述自己通過(guò)做畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的體會(huì)，并應(yīng)對(duì)指導(dǎo)教師和協(xié)助完成論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的有關(guān)人員表示謝意。
7、參考文獻(xiàn)：在畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)）末尾要列出在論文（設(shè)計(jì)）中參考過(guò)的專(zhuān)著、論文及其他資料，所列參考文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)按文中參考或引證的先后順序排列。
8、注釋?zhuān)涸谡撐模ㄔO(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)）寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中，有些問(wèn)題需要在正文之外加以闡述和說(shuō)明。
9、附錄：對(duì)于一些不宜放在正文中，但有參考價(jià)值的內(nèi)容，可編入附錄中。例如，公式的推演、編寫(xiě)的算法、語(yǔ)言程序等。
二、畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）撰寫(xiě)格式要求
1、畢業(yè)論文一律打印，采取A4紙張，頁(yè)邊距一律采取：上、下2.5cm，左3cm,右1.5cm，行間距取多倍行距（設(shè)置值為1.25）；字符間距為默認(rèn)值（縮放100%，間距：標(biāo)準(zhǔn)），封面采用教學(xué)管理部統(tǒng)一規(guī)定的封面。
2、字體要求
論文所用字體要求為宋體。
3、字號(hào)
第一層次題序和標(biāo)題用小三號(hào)黑體字；第二層次題序和標(biāo)題用四號(hào)黑體字；第三層次及以下題序和標(biāo)題與第二層次同；正文用小四號(hào)宋體。
4、頁(yè)眉及頁(yè)碼
畢業(yè)論文各頁(yè)均加頁(yè)眉，采用宋體五號(hào)宋體居中，打印“河北大學(xué)工商學(xué)院XXXX屆本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）”。頁(yè)碼從正文開(kāi)始在頁(yè)腳按阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字（宋體小五號(hào)）連續(xù)編排，居中書(shū)寫(xiě)。
5、摘要及關(guān)鍵詞
中文摘要及關(guān)鍵詞：“摘要”二字采用三號(hào)字黑體、居中書(shū)寫(xiě)，“摘”與“要”之間空兩格，內(nèi)容采用小四號(hào)宋體。“關(guān)鍵詞”三字采用小四號(hào)字黑體，頂格書(shū)寫(xiě)，一般為3—5個(gè)。
英文摘要應(yīng)與中文摘要相對(duì)應(yīng)，字體為小四號(hào)TimesNewRoman。
6、目錄
“目錄”二字采用三號(hào)字黑體、居中書(shū)寫(xiě)，“目”與“錄”之間空兩格，第一級(jí)層次采用小三號(hào)宋體字，其他級(jí)層次題目采用四號(hào)宋體字。
7、正文
正文的全部標(biāo)題層次應(yīng)整齊清晰，相同的層次應(yīng)采用統(tǒng)一的字體表示。第一級(jí)為“一”、“二”、“三”、等，第二級(jí)為“1.1”、“1.2”、“1.3”等，第三級(jí)為“1.1.1”、“1.1.2”等，具體格式要求詳見(jiàn)模板（模板從教務(wù)處主頁(yè)下載專(zhuān)區(qū)下載）。
8、參考文獻(xiàn)
參考文獻(xiàn)要另起一頁(yè)，一律放在正文后，在文中要有引用標(biāo)注，如×××[1]，具體格式要求詳見(jiàn)模板（模板從教務(wù)處主頁(yè)下載專(zhuān)區(qū)下載）。
9、外文資料及譯文
外文資料可用A4紙復(fù)印，如果打印，采用小四號(hào)TimesNewRoman字體；譯文采用小四號(hào)宋體打印，格式參照畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）文本格式要求，譯文一般不少于2000字。
10、圖、表、公式
圖：a.要精選、簡(jiǎn)明，切忌與表及文字表述重復(fù)。
b.圖中術(shù)語(yǔ)、符號(hào)、單位等應(yīng)同文字表述一致。
c.圖序及圖名居中置于圖的下方，用五號(hào)字宋體。
表：a.表中參數(shù)應(yīng)標(biāo)明量和單位的符號(hào)。
b.表序及表名置于表的上方。
c.表序、表名和表內(nèi)內(nèi)容采用五號(hào)宋體字。
公式：a.編號(hào)用括號(hào)括起寫(xiě)在右邊行末，其間不加虛線。
b.公式中的英文字母和數(shù)字可以采用默認(rèn)的字體和字號(hào)。
圖、表與正文之間要有一行的間距，公式與正文之間不需空行；文中的圖、表、附注、公式一律采用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字分章編號(hào)。如：圖2-5，表3-2，公式（5-1）（“公式”兩個(gè)字不要寫(xiě)上）等。若圖或表中有附注，采用英文小寫(xiě)字母順序編號(hào)。
11、量和單位
要嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行GB3100—3102：93有關(guān)量和單位的規(guī)定（具體要求請(qǐng)參閱《常用量和單位》，計(jì)量出版社，1996）；物理量用斜體，單位用正體；
單位名稱(chēng)的書(shū)寫(xiě)，可以采用國(guó)際通用符號(hào)，也可以用中文名稱(chēng)，但全文應(yīng)統(tǒng)一，不要兩種混用。
12、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)
注意中英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的區(qū)別，不能混用。
三、畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）裝訂存檔要求
1、畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）資料應(yīng)包括任務(wù)書(shū)、開(kāi)題報(bào)告、畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）文本、外文資料及譯文、畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）成績(jī)?cè)u(píng)定表等。
很多同學(xué)都不清楚論文的寫(xiě)作方法，關(guān)注學(xué)術(shù)參考網(wǎng)可以幫大家解決所有的論文難題，本篇主要是向大家介紹了漢語(yǔ)言文學(xué)畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo)，歡迎大家閱讀借鑒。
【漢語(yǔ)言文學(xué)畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo)】
一、基本要求：
1.畢業(yè)論文應(yīng)由學(xué)生本人在專(zhuān)業(yè)教師的指導(dǎo)下獨(dú)立完成。
2.不得抄襲和剽竊他人成果。
3.畢業(yè)論文選題原則上一人一題。
4.畢業(yè)論文應(yīng)當(dāng)具備學(xué)術(shù)文體的一般特征。調(diào)查報(bào)告、工作總結(jié)及文學(xué)作品等各類(lèi)非學(xué)術(shù)文體的文章不能作為畢業(yè)論文。
5.畢業(yè)論文字?jǐn)?shù)要求：正文字?jǐn)?shù)本科6000字以上，專(zhuān)科3000字以上(指論文主體部分，不包括前置部分和附錄部分)。
二、進(jìn)程計(jì)劃
1、7月布置論文寫(xiě)作進(jìn)程。
2、9月15日前，學(xué)生完成畢業(yè)論文初稿，將初稿交至班主任。
3、10月15日前，指導(dǎo)教師通知學(xué)生修改，學(xué)生應(yīng)在指導(dǎo)教師的指導(dǎo)下修改二稿，并做修改記錄；
4、11月15日前，在教師的指導(dǎo)下，學(xué)生完成論文的三稿。
5、12月1日前最終定稿。
6、12月中旬本科學(xué)生參加論文答辯。(具體時(shí)間再另行通知)
三、注意事項(xiàng)
1、每周主動(dòng)和指導(dǎo)教師聯(lián)系一次，匯報(bào)進(jìn)展，聽(tīng)取指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn)，中期將書(shū)面報(bào)告材料交指導(dǎo)教師。
2、獨(dú)立完成任務(wù)，杜絕抄襲、網(wǎng)上下載、請(qǐng)人等弄虛作假的行為。
3、若不能按進(jìn)程要求完成的，指導(dǎo)教師將取消學(xué)生本學(xué)期畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作資格。
4、論文字?jǐn)?shù)、論文格式嚴(yán)格按有關(guān)要求執(zhí)行。
1.引言
1.1制定本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的目的是為了統(tǒng)一規(guī)范我省電大漢語(yǔ)言文學(xué)類(lèi)本科畢業(yè)論文的格式，保證畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量。
1.2畢業(yè)論文應(yīng)采用最新頒布的漢語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)化文字，符合《出版物漢字使用管理規(guī)定》，由作者在計(jì)算機(jī)上輸入、編排與打印完成。
1.3畢業(yè)論文作者應(yīng)在選題前后閱讀大量有關(guān)文獻(xiàn)，文獻(xiàn)閱讀量不少于10篇，將其列入?yún)⒖嘉墨I(xiàn)表，并在正文中引用內(nèi)容處注明參考文獻(xiàn)編號(hào)(按出現(xiàn)先后順序編排)。
2.編寫(xiě)要求
2.1頁(yè)面要求：畢業(yè)論文須用A4(210×297mm)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、70克以上白紙，一律采用單面打印；畢業(yè)論文頁(yè)邊距按以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)置：上邊距(天頭)為：30mm；下邊距(地腳)25mm；左邊距和右邊距為：25mm；裝訂線：10mm；頁(yè)眉：16mm；頁(yè)腳：15mm。
2.2頁(yè)眉：頁(yè)眉從摘要頁(yè)開(kāi)始到論文最后一頁(yè)，均需設(shè)置。頁(yè)眉內(nèi)容：浙江廣播電視大學(xué)漢語(yǔ)言文學(xué)類(lèi)本科畢業(yè)論文，居中，打印字號(hào)為5號(hào)宋體，頁(yè)眉之下有一條下劃線。
2.3頁(yè)腳：從論文主體部分(引言或緒論)開(kāi)始，用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字連續(xù)編頁(yè)，頁(yè)碼編寫(xiě)方法為：第x頁(yè)共x頁(yè)，居中，打印字號(hào)為小5號(hào)宋體。
2.4前置部分從內(nèi)容摘要起單獨(dú)編頁(yè)。
2.5字體與間距：畢業(yè)論文字體為小四號(hào)宋體，字間距設(shè)置為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)字間距，行間距設(shè)置為固定值20磅。
3.編寫(xiě)格式
3.1畢業(yè)論文章、節(jié)的編號(hào)：按阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字分級(jí)編號(hào)。
3.2畢業(yè)論文的構(gòu)成(按畢業(yè)論文中先后順序排列)：
前置部分：封面；中文摘要，關(guān)鍵詞；[英文摘要，關(guān)鍵詞(申請(qǐng)學(xué)位者)]；目次頁(yè)(必要時(shí))主體部分：引言(或緒論)；正文；結(jié)論；參考文獻(xiàn)
4.前置部分
4.1封面：封面格式按浙江廣播電視大學(xué)財(cái)經(jīng)類(lèi)本科畢業(yè)論文封面統(tǒng)一格式要求。封面內(nèi)容各項(xiàng)必須如實(shí)填寫(xiě)完整。其中論文題目是以最恰當(dāng)、最簡(jiǎn)明的詞語(yǔ)反映畢業(yè)論文中最重要的特定內(nèi)容的邏輯組合；論文題目所用每一詞必須考慮到有助于選定關(guān)鍵詞和編制題錄、索引等二次文獻(xiàn)可以提供檢索的特定實(shí)用信息；論文題目一般不宜超過(guò)30字。論文題目應(yīng)該避免使用不常見(jiàn)的縮寫(xiě)詞、首字縮寫(xiě)字、字符、代號(hào)和公式等；論文題目語(yǔ)意未盡，可用副標(biāo)題補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明論文中的特定內(nèi)容。
具體內(nèi)容依次列示如下內(nèi)容：
漢語(yǔ)言文學(xué)類(lèi)專(zhuān)業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文(小二號(hào)黑體，居中)論文題名(二號(hào)黑體，居中)
學(xué)生姓名(××××××××三號(hào)黑體)學(xué)號(hào)(××××××××三號(hào)黑體)指導(dǎo)教師(××××××××三號(hào)黑體)專(zhuān)業(yè)(××××××××三號(hào)黑體)年級(jí)(××××××××三號(hào)黑體)學(xué)校(××××××××三號(hào)黑體)
4.2摘要：摘要是論文內(nèi)容不加注釋和評(píng)論的簡(jiǎn)短陳述，應(yīng)以第三人稱(chēng)陳述。它應(yīng)具有獨(dú)立性和自含性，即不閱讀論文的全文，就能獲得必要的信息。摘要的內(nèi)容應(yīng)包含與論文同等量的主要信息，供讀者確定有無(wú)必要閱讀全文，也供文摘等二次文獻(xiàn)采用。
摘要一般應(yīng)說(shuō)明研究工作目的、實(shí)驗(yàn)研究方法、結(jié)果和最終結(jié)論等，而重點(diǎn)是結(jié)果和結(jié)論。摘要中一般不用圖、表、公式等，不用非公知公用的符號(hào)、術(shù)語(yǔ)和非法定的計(jì)量單位。
摘要頁(yè)置于封面頁(yè)后。
中文摘要一般為300漢字左右，用5號(hào)宋體，摘要應(yīng)包括關(guān)鍵詞。
英文摘要是中文摘要的英文譯文，英文摘要頁(yè)置于中文摘要頁(yè)之后。申請(qǐng)學(xué)位者必須有，不申請(qǐng)學(xué)位者可不使用英文摘要。
關(guān)鍵詞：關(guān)鍵詞是為了文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)引工作從論文中選取出來(lái)用以表示全文主題內(nèi)容信息款目的單詞或術(shù)語(yǔ)。一般每篇論文應(yīng)選取3～5個(gè)詞作為關(guān)鍵詞。關(guān)鍵詞間用逗號(hào)分隔，最后一個(gè)詞后不打標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。以顯著的字符排在同種語(yǔ)言摘要的下方。如有可能，盡量用《漢語(yǔ)主題詞表》等詞表提供的規(guī)范詞。
4.3目次頁(yè)：目次頁(yè)由論文的章、節(jié)、條、附錄、題錄等的序號(hào)、名稱(chēng)和頁(yè)碼組成，另起一頁(yè)排在摘要頁(yè)之后，章、節(jié)、小節(jié)分別以1.1.1；1.1.2等數(shù)字依次標(biāo)出，也可不使用目次頁(yè)
5.主體部分
5.1格式：主體部分的編寫(xiě)格式由引言(緒論)開(kāi)始，以結(jié)論結(jié)束。主體部分必須另頁(yè)開(kāi)始。
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3.合成類(lèi)化學(xué)論文前言的審改原則及實(shí)例分析
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19.化學(xué)化工本科畢業(yè)論文產(chǎn)學(xué)研教學(xué)模式的實(shí)踐
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21.PTA量表在物理化學(xué)課程論文評(píng)價(jià)中的應(yīng)用
22.縮短科技期刊周期的思考及實(shí)踐——以《化學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)》為例
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摘要:論文標(biāo)題是以最合理、最精煉的詞語(yǔ)反映論文主要研究?jī)?nèi)容與研究方法的邏輯組合,有其獨(dú)特的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)形式及寫(xiě)作規(guī)范。本文結(jié)合筆者的實(shí)踐教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn),以高校英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)畢業(yè)論文為例,闡述了中文標(biāo)題英譯時(shí)應(yīng)遵循的基本原則及方法,以此提高學(xué)生論文寫(xiě)作水平。
一、引言
畢業(yè)論文(thesis)是每個(gè)大學(xué)生在畢業(yè)之前的一項(xiàng)重要學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)。論文的撰寫(xiě)需要一定的專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí),也需遵循科研論文規(guī)范的寫(xiě)作方法及語(yǔ)言表達(dá)形式。學(xué)生在英譯中文標(biāo)題時(shí)應(yīng)本著一條總的原則:準(zhǔn)確反映文章實(shí)質(zhì),遵循英語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣,貴在簡(jiǎn)潔,突出醒目,使之起到“以小見(jiàn)大”的作用。具體原則及要求如下。
二、英譯畢業(yè)論文中文標(biāo)題的基本原則
2.1準(zhǔn)確一致(Accuracy)論文標(biāo)題應(yīng)能準(zhǔn)確反映文章主要內(nèi)容,恰當(dāng)體現(xiàn)所研究的范圍和深度,既不能過(guò)于寬泛,也不宜過(guò)于繁瑣。中英文標(biāo)題在內(nèi)容上應(yīng)保持一致,但不代表詞語(yǔ)的完全對(duì)應(yīng)。將中文標(biāo)題譯成英文時(shí),要注意語(yǔ)序的調(diào)整,不能死套中文的詞序,以免造成英文意思模糊不清。在多數(shù)情況下,個(gè)別非實(shí)質(zhì)性的詞可以省略或變動(dòng)。如果有些標(biāo)題過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)、抽象,難于按字面意思直譯,可以通過(guò)“意譯”原標(biāo)題或另擬新標(biāo)題加以整理,以使“名”符其“實(shí)”。2.2規(guī)范得體(Standardization)標(biāo)題中單詞的大小寫(xiě)。標(biāo)題單詞字母的大小寫(xiě)通常有以下三種寫(xiě)作格式:全部字母大寫(xiě);每個(gè)詞的首字母大寫(xiě),但三個(gè)或四個(gè)字母以下的冠詞、連詞、介詞全部小寫(xiě);標(biāo)題第一個(gè)詞的首字母大寫(xiě),其余字母均小寫(xiě)。對(duì)于專(zhuān)有名詞首字母、首字母縮略詞、德語(yǔ)名詞首字母、句點(diǎn)(.)后任何單詞的首字母均應(yīng)大寫(xiě)。標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)、斜體的使用。英漢論文標(biāo)題中,標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的不對(duì)應(yīng)是由兩種語(yǔ)言標(biāo)點(diǎn)類(lèi)別不同造成的。破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)、問(wèn)號(hào)、引號(hào)、逗號(hào)、感嘆號(hào)、斜線均可使用,頓號(hào)、書(shū)名號(hào)僅用于中文學(xué)術(shù)論文標(biāo)題;分號(hào)、省略號(hào)只用于英語(yǔ)學(xué)術(shù)論文標(biāo)題。如,為使標(biāo)題精煉,英文標(biāo)題常用冒號(hào)或破折號(hào)代替標(biāo)題中的介詞短語(yǔ)或判斷陳述句標(biāo)題中的tobe。另外,標(biāo)題中的概念與次要成分應(yīng)用符號(hào)分隔,從而突出中心概念。英文書(shū)名用斜體表示,中文書(shū)名置于書(shū)名號(hào)內(nèi)。縮寫(xiě)詞。除各國(guó)通用的縮寫(xiě)詞和特殊符號(hào)外,標(biāo)題內(nèi)不得使用縮寫(xiě)詞和特殊符號(hào)。因此,論文標(biāo)題應(yīng)避免使用非公知、公用的縮寫(xiě)詞、字符、代號(hào),盡量不要出現(xiàn)數(shù)學(xué)公式和化學(xué)式。標(biāo)題中應(yīng)慎重使用縮略語(yǔ),尤其對(duì)于有多個(gè)解釋的縮略語(yǔ)應(yīng)嚴(yán)加限制,必要時(shí)應(yīng)在括號(hào)中注明全稱(chēng),只有那些全稱(chēng)較長(zhǎng)、縮寫(xiě)后不易引起歧義且已得到本專(zhuān)業(yè)領(lǐng)域公認(rèn)的縮略語(yǔ)才可使用。
2.3簡(jiǎn)短精煉(Conciseness)字?jǐn)?shù)。標(biāo)題具有高度的概括性,在能準(zhǔn)確反映論文特定內(nèi)容的前提下,標(biāo)題的用詞應(yīng)力求簡(jiǎn)短、精練,以最少的文字概括盡可能多的內(nèi)容。標(biāo)題字?jǐn)?shù)一般不超過(guò)20個(gè)漢字,外語(yǔ)不超過(guò)10個(gè)實(shí)詞(國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為8個(gè)),若能用一行文字表達(dá)則盡量不用2行。如果某些論文中的內(nèi)容層次復(fù)雜或科學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,難用8個(gè)英文詞概括全文的標(biāo)題,建議采用主標(biāo)題與副標(biāo)題的相結(jié)合的辦法解決標(biāo)題過(guò)長(zhǎng)問(wèn)題,以副標(biāo)題來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明特定的方法及內(nèi)容等信息。此時(shí)應(yīng)注意國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和英文規(guī)范,并用冒號(hào)將主、副標(biāo)題分開(kāi),切忌按中文方式用破折號(hào)將之分開(kāi)。贅詞冗語(yǔ)。標(biāo)題中盡量不用贅詞冗語(yǔ)(如冠詞a,an,the)及多余的說(shuō)明性“廢詞”。另外,還要注意避免標(biāo)題中詞意上的重疊。隨著期刊論文逐漸與國(guó)際接軌,學(xué)生需注意遵循英語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣。許多論文作者在中文標(biāo)題中常冠于“試論”、“初探”、“淺談”、“試論”等謙辭。如果此類(lèi)標(biāo)題直接翻譯成“Elementaryintroduc-tionof…”,“Simplestudyof…”等字樣,在形式上謙詞就成了中心詞,反而使反映論文主題的中心詞不夠突出醒目,使英美人士望文生義,產(chǎn)生不信任感。至于標(biāo)題中慣用的“AStudyof…”,“Re-searchon…”等一類(lèi)詞匯都屬無(wú)效信息,英譯時(shí)為做到言簡(jiǎn)意賅,往往省略不譯。
2.4醒目突出(Prominence)科研論文的標(biāo)題一般不刻意追求語(yǔ)言的生動(dòng)或形象化。但是,為了使標(biāo)題醒目或體現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言和諧動(dòng)聽(tīng),有時(shí)作者也在標(biāo)題中運(yùn)用修辭手段,以明確表明研究工作的獨(dú)到之處,力求重點(diǎn)突出。為使表達(dá)直接、清楚以便引起讀者的注意,作者應(yīng)盡可能地將表達(dá)核心內(nèi)容的主題詞放在標(biāo)題開(kāi)頭。
三、結(jié)語(yǔ)
綜上所述,在撰寫(xiě)英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)畢業(yè)論文之際,學(xué)生應(yīng)從論文標(biāo)題的專(zhuān)指性入手,認(rèn)真擬定畢業(yè)論文標(biāo)題,以使其發(fā)揮出提綱挈領(lǐng)的作用。了解畢業(yè)論文中文標(biāo)題英譯的原則、常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)及翻譯方法有助于學(xué)生提高標(biāo)題譯文的準(zhǔn)確性和靈活性,甚至論文的學(xué)術(shù)含量。學(xué)生在實(shí)際應(yīng)用這些方法時(shí),可根據(jù)具體情況進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整和增刪以實(shí)現(xiàn)譯文的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和規(guī)范化。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]DayRA.HowtoWriteandPublishaScientificedi-tion)[M].Phoenix:TheOryxPress,1998.
[2]崔鯨濤.科技論文英文標(biāo)題制作的技術(shù)規(guī)范[J].應(yīng)用寫(xiě)作,2003(7).
[3]劉向紅.科技論文標(biāo)題和摘要的英譯[J],中國(guó)科技翻譯,2001(1).
網(wǎng)()創(chuàng)建于二5年十月的研究生論文服務(wù)中心，為畢業(yè)論文需求用戶提供畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo),并發(fā)表各類(lèi)研究生畢業(yè)論文。包括發(fā)表碩士論文、職稱(chēng)論文、工程碩士論文、mba畢業(yè)論文、會(huì)計(jì)畢業(yè)論文、中級(jí)職稱(chēng)論文、在職碩士畢業(yè)論文、在職博士畢業(yè)論文、英文計(jì)算機(jī)論文、英文論文、、職稱(chēng)、核心期刊等業(yè)務(wù)。研究生畢業(yè)網(wǎng)團(tuán)隊(duì)由頂尖的博士、教授組成，保證了論文的高水準(zhǔn)高品質(zhì)。我們從到期刊實(shí)行一站式服務(wù)，解決您所有的顧慮。
MBA畢業(yè)論文主要采用對(duì)論文進(jìn)行評(píng)審和答辯的兩種工作，是對(duì)學(xué)生所撰寫(xiě)論文的兩種不同的考核方法。前者是對(duì)MBA論文進(jìn)行評(píng)審，只是對(duì)論文進(jìn)行單向的、書(shū)面的、靜態(tài)的考核。而MBA論文答辯，則是對(duì)論文進(jìn)行雙向的、口頭的、動(dòng)態(tài)的考核。MBA論文答辯的目的是為了進(jìn)一步審査論文，包括鑒別真?zhèn)巍⒖疾橹R(shí)運(yùn)用能力、深化提髙和增長(zhǎng)知識(shí)、展現(xiàn)學(xué)生自信和口才、評(píng)價(jià)論文成績(jī)等方面，但MBA畢業(yè)論文可能更注重他的實(shí)用性，所以以實(shí)證研究為主，會(huì)比較容易過(guò)，但也有一部分MBA卻完成不了或完成不好畢業(yè)論文。
第一，鑒別真?zhèn)?或是否是自己獨(dú)立完成的論文)。評(píng)價(jià)MBA論文首要工作是核查論文的真實(shí)性，這是一個(gè)最起碼的要求，只有在辨別龐偽的情況下，才能對(duì)MBA論文作出準(zhǔn)確、科學(xué)的評(píng)價(jià)。所謂真實(shí)性問(wèn)題，也就是畢業(yè)論文是否是學(xué)生本人的研究和寫(xiě)作成果，作者有沒(méi)有抄襲他人的成果或他人代作的行為，這是畢業(yè)論文能否順利通過(guò)答辯的一個(gè)原則性問(wèn)題。撰寫(xiě)MBA畢業(yè)論文，要求學(xué)生在教師的指導(dǎo)下獨(dú)立完成，但它不像考試、考査那樣，在老師嚴(yán)格監(jiān)視下完成，而是在一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成，難免會(huì)有少數(shù)不自覺(jué)的學(xué)生會(huì)投機(jī)取巧，采取各種手段作弊。也有的是學(xué)生并非故意抄襲，往往是因?yàn)樗麄儾涣私馕墨I(xiàn)哪些可以接受，哪些不可以接受的行為而導(dǎo)致。所以，答辯小組或答辯委員會(huì)的教師通過(guò)論文答辯鑒別MBA論文真實(shí)性的能力就更強(qiáng)些，而且在答辯會(huì)上還可以通過(guò)提問(wèn)與答辯來(lái)暴露作弊者，從而保證MBA畢業(yè)論文的整體質(zhì)麗。
第二，考查MBA知識(shí)運(yùn)用能力。考査知識(shí)就是考査論文作者對(duì)論文研究對(duì)象所涉及的基本理論和其他相關(guān)知識(shí)的掌握程度，從而考査MBA論文作者對(duì)論題進(jìn)行研究的理論準(zhǔn)備和相關(guān)知識(shí)的掌握情況。通過(guò)論文也可以看出學(xué)生已掌握知識(shí)面的深度和廣度。但是，撰寫(xiě)畢業(yè)論文的主要目的不是考査學(xué)生掌握知識(shí)的深廣度，而是考查學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)獨(dú)立地分析問(wèn)題和解決問(wèn)題的能力，培養(yǎng)和鍛煉學(xué)生進(jìn)行科學(xué)研究的能力。學(xué)生在寫(xiě)論文中所運(yùn)用的知識(shí)有的已確實(shí)掌握，能融會(huì)貫通地運(yùn)用;有的可能是一知半解，并沒(méi)有轉(zhuǎn)化為自己的知識(shí);還有的可能是從別人的文章中生搬硬套過(guò)來(lái)，其基本含義都沒(méi)有搞淸楚。在答辯會(huì)上，答辯老師把論文中有闡述不清楚、不詳細(xì)、不完備、不確切、不完善等提出來(lái)，讓作者當(dāng)場(chǎng)作出回答，從而就可以檢查出作者對(duì)所論述的問(wèn)題是否有深廣的知識(shí)越礎(chǔ)、創(chuàng)造性見(jiàn)解和充分扎實(shí)的理由。
第三，深化提高和增長(zhǎng)知識(shí)。就是通過(guò)答辯對(duì)論文是否貼題(題目是否恰當(dāng))、布局篇章是否得當(dāng)、運(yùn)用材料是否恰到好處、論點(diǎn)是否準(zhǔn)確、論據(jù)是否充分、論證是否有力等。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，從學(xué)生所提交的論文中，巳能大致反映出各個(gè)學(xué)生對(duì)自己所寫(xiě)論文的認(rèn)識(shí)程度和論證論題的能力。但由于種種原因，有些問(wèn)題沒(méi)有充分展開(kāi)、細(xì)說(shuō)，有的可能是限于全局結(jié)構(gòu)不便展開(kāi)，有的可能是受篇幅所限不能展開(kāi)，有的可能是作者認(rèn)為這個(gè)問(wèn)題不重要或者以為沒(méi)有必要展開(kāi)、詳細(xì)說(shuō)明的;有的很可能是作者深不下去或者說(shuō)不淸楚而故意回避了的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，有的還可能是作者自己根本就沒(méi)有認(rèn)識(shí)到的不足之處等。通過(guò)對(duì)這些問(wèn)題的提問(wèn)和答辯就可以進(jìn)一步弄淸MBA是由于哪種情況而沒(méi)有展開(kāi)深人分析的，從而了解學(xué)生對(duì)自己所寫(xiě)的論文的認(rèn)識(shí)程度、理解深度和當(dāng)場(chǎng)論證論題的能力。在答辯過(guò)程中，答辯小組成員也會(huì)就論文中的某些問(wèn)題闡述自己的觀點(diǎn)或者提供有價(jià)值的信息。這樣，學(xué)生又可以從答辯教師中獲得新的知識(shí)。當(dāng)然‘如果學(xué)生的論文有獨(dú)創(chuàng)性見(jiàn)解或在答辯中提供最新的新鮮材料，也會(huì)使答辯老師得到啟迪。
第四，MBA畢業(yè)論文答辯是全面展示自己的自信、才華和口才的最佳時(shí)機(jī)，是很多學(xué)生從未經(jīng)歷過(guò)的場(chǎng)面，不少人因此而膽怯，缺乏自信心。其實(shí)畢業(yè)論文答辯將是MBA走向社會(huì)的關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻，是全面展示自己的素質(zhì)和才能的良好時(shí)機(jī)。所以，MBA畢業(yè)生們對(duì)畢業(yè)論文答辯不能敷衍塞責(zé)、馬虎從事，更不可輕易放棄。
第五，評(píng)價(jià)論文成績(jī)。MBA論文雖然在答辯以前經(jīng)過(guò)作者的多次修改且經(jīng)過(guò)論文導(dǎo)師指導(dǎo)，以及論文導(dǎo)師進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)論文成績(jī)，最后通過(guò)學(xué)生答辯能力表現(xiàn)最終審核其綜合成績(jī)，作為論文的最終成績(jī)。
關(guān)鍵詞： 畢業(yè)論文管理 管理體制 管理制度 管理細(xì)則 質(zhì)量監(jiān)控
畢業(yè)論文是學(xué)生運(yùn)用在校學(xué)習(xí)的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)和基本理論，解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題的實(shí)踐鍛煉過(guò)程，也是學(xué)生在校學(xué)習(xí)期間學(xué)習(xí)成果的綜合性總結(jié)，是教學(xué)活動(dòng)中不可缺少的重要環(huán)節(jié)。畢業(yè)論文的重要性體現(xiàn)在培養(yǎng)學(xué)生初步的科學(xué)研究能力，提高其綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)分析問(wèn)題、解決問(wèn)題能力等方面。畢業(yè)論文實(shí)踐環(huán)節(jié)架起了學(xué)生與社會(huì)之間的橋梁，提高了學(xué)生就業(yè)以后的動(dòng)手能力。作為負(fù)責(zé)河北科技師范學(xué)院生命科技學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)論文管理工作的實(shí)踐教學(xué)辦公室，加強(qiáng)對(duì)全院學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文的管理，對(duì)提高畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量、確保高素質(zhì)人才的培養(yǎng)具有重要意義。
一、畢業(yè)論文工作存在的問(wèn)題
在本二級(jí)學(xué)院建院之前，農(nóng)學(xué)、生命科學(xué)兩系已經(jīng)設(shè)立專(zhuān)門(mén)辦公室負(fù)責(zé)畢業(yè)論文管理工作。建院以來(lái)，對(duì)我院原有工作進(jìn)行了重新整合。在此過(guò)程中，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，某些遺留問(wèn)題沒(méi)有最終解決，一些新的問(wèn)題日益凸顯：管理運(yùn)行機(jī)制不夠健全，各級(jí)管理層次權(quán)責(zé)不夠清晰，管理制度不夠細(xì)化，管理模式低效繁雜，質(zhì)量監(jiān)控未充分發(fā)揮實(shí)效，等等。導(dǎo)致部分學(xué)生輕視畢業(yè)論文，以一種應(yīng)付的心態(tài)對(duì)待畢業(yè)論文；部分指導(dǎo)教師管理不到位，沒(méi)有全身心地投入到指導(dǎo)工作中去，導(dǎo)致畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量整體下滑。
二、探索與實(shí)踐
2009級(jí)學(xué)生是我院建院以來(lái)的第一屆學(xué)生。為了提高畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量，更好地組織完成學(xué)生在校期間最后的教學(xué)任務(wù)，解決遺留問(wèn)題和新問(wèn)題，我們針對(duì)2013屆畢業(yè)論文，進(jìn)行了初步的探索與實(shí)踐工作。
（一）健全管理體制
學(xué)院黨政領(lǐng)導(dǎo)班子成員高度重視畢業(yè)論文工作，按照學(xué)校要求，在第七學(xué)期開(kāi)學(xué)初成立以院長(zhǎng)為組長(zhǎng)的畢業(yè)論文工作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組，由組長(zhǎng)親自抓、負(fù)總責(zé)。小組成員由院務(wù)工作委員會(huì)和實(shí)踐教學(xué)辦公室人員組成，最終形成“畢業(yè)論文工作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組——主管院長(zhǎng)——實(shí)踐教學(xué)辦公室——教學(xué)部——指導(dǎo)教師——學(xué)生”的六級(jí)管理體制。同時(shí)，明確職責(zé)分工。由畢業(yè)論文工作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組確定學(xué)院答辯委員會(huì)成員名單，委員會(huì)下設(shè)專(zhuān)業(yè)答辯組開(kāi)展答辯工作。本著“提前安排、及時(shí)準(zhǔn)確、細(xì)心周到、原則性與靈活性相統(tǒng)一”的原則開(kāi)展各項(xiàng)工作。
（二）完善制度建設(shè)
針對(duì)畢業(yè)論文工作中出現(xiàn)的各種問(wèn)題，我們依據(jù)學(xué)校文件相關(guān)精神，理順?biāo)悸贰⒕牟邉潱鸩荨渡萍紝W(xué)院本科畢業(yè)論文工作實(shí)施細(xì)則（試行）》。經(jīng)過(guò)多次面向全院教師征求意見(jiàn)與討論修改，《細(xì)則》正式出臺(tái)并執(zhí)行。《細(xì)則》共分十一章，四十四條，十九附件。《細(xì)則》正文部分涵蓋組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、選題與任務(wù)下達(dá)、開(kāi)題與中期檢查、撰寫(xiě)、評(píng)閱與答辯、畢業(yè)論文檔案提交與歸檔等重要內(nèi)容；附件部分涵蓋寫(xiě)作模板、表格模板、裝訂要求等具體規(guī)范。《細(xì)則》將畢業(yè)論文二次答辯制度加以重新明確和規(guī)范；力爭(zhēng)徹底解決長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)的遺留問(wèn)題；對(duì)各類(lèi)要求加以細(xì)化。另外，在工作中還逐漸形成了集中討論制度、公示制度等尚未成文的工作程序。
（三）加強(qiáng)質(zhì)量監(jiān)控
質(zhì)量監(jiān)控是確保畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量的基本前提，是制度運(yùn)行的保障，是對(duì)全體教師和學(xué)生開(kāi)展畢業(yè)論文工作的有效監(jiān)督。通過(guò)充分發(fā)揮六級(jí)管理體制的作用，做到從學(xué)生選題到論文檔案材料歸檔各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)層層把關(guān)、全程跟蹤，發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題及時(shí)整改。學(xué)院還充分發(fā)揮二級(jí)教學(xué)督導(dǎo)組的作用，對(duì)畢業(yè)論文工作進(jìn)行同步督導(dǎo)。《生命科技學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)論文工作實(shí)施細(xì)則（試行）》中對(duì)二次答辯進(jìn)行了規(guī)范，規(guī)定了申請(qǐng)二次答辯的各種情形，尤其強(qiáng)調(diào)禁止抄襲、編造，以及非本人親自完成論文的各種行為。《細(xì)則》同時(shí)規(guī)定學(xué)生不能進(jìn)行一、二次答辯或認(rèn)定一、二次答辯不合格的各種情形。另外，通過(guò)成立畢業(yè)論文審核小組，建立論文后評(píng)估機(jī)制。學(xué)院根據(jù)專(zhuān)業(yè)情況，將畢業(yè)論文審核小組劃分成若干組。每組成員在組長(zhǎng)的安排下，將學(xué)生提交的紙質(zhì)版、電子版材料進(jìn)行逐一審核。同時(shí)，每組指定人員就論文題目、摘要、關(guān)鍵詞的英文部分進(jìn)行審核，重點(diǎn)檢查中、英文是否對(duì)應(yīng)；用詞是否正確；是否存在語(yǔ)法問(wèn)題，等等。只要審核中發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題，就立即反饋學(xué)生進(jìn)行修改。規(guī)定審核次數(shù)不多于三次。最終仍不合格者，提交畢業(yè)論工作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組進(jìn)行終審。
（四）重視意見(jiàn)反饋
在畢業(yè)論文工作執(zhí)行過(guò)程中，學(xué)院重視廣大教師、學(xué)生提出的意見(jiàn)和建議，以便今后改進(jìn)各項(xiàng)工作。學(xué)院通過(guò)公共郵箱對(duì)相關(guān)工作開(kāi)展公示，在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)接收教師的意見(jiàn)反饋。在答辯期間，學(xué)院為各答辯組印發(fā)《畢業(yè)論文工作實(shí)施細(xì)則（試行）執(zhí)行情況反饋表》，要求廣大師生對(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題、今后需要堅(jiān)持的和今后需要完善之處，提出意見(jiàn)和建議，以便修訂時(shí)采納。
通過(guò)收取2013屆《畢業(yè)論文工作實(shí)施細(xì)則（試行）執(zhí)行情況反饋表》顯示，廣大師生對(duì)畢業(yè)論文工作給予了充分的肯定，說(shuō)明管理工作已收到了一定成效。
三、關(guān)于今后工作的思考
（一）適度擴(kuò)大二次答辯的群體
目前，我院所采取的二次答辯措施主要傾向于那些無(wú)故不參加畢業(yè)論文各環(huán)節(jié)和各種評(píng)定中成績(jī)不合格的學(xué)生。在今后的工作中，我們考慮采取隨機(jī)的方式抽查部分學(xué)生進(jìn)行二次答辯，適當(dāng)選取優(yōu)秀論文的學(xué)生進(jìn)行二次答辯，體現(xiàn)其監(jiān)督檢查、榜樣示范的作用。
（二）適度改變一人一題的方式
今后工作中，考慮根據(jù)指導(dǎo)教師、學(xué)生本人和教學(xué)資源的實(shí)際情況，將一人一題適度改為多人一題的方式，進(jìn)一步培養(yǎng)學(xué)生團(tuán)隊(duì)協(xié)作的能力。
（三）適度調(diào)整畢業(yè)論文工作時(shí)間
根據(jù)不同科研課題的特點(diǎn)，學(xué)院考慮與各專(zhuān)業(yè)協(xié)調(diào)培養(yǎng)方案，將畢業(yè)論文工作適度提前。這樣既保證了低年級(jí)學(xué)生盡早進(jìn)入科研狀態(tài)，又保證了畢業(yè)生論文工作不與考研復(fù)習(xí)、就業(yè)等工作相抵觸。
總之，畢業(yè)論文工作既是對(duì)學(xué)生畢業(yè)前的一次綜合檢驗(yàn)，又是對(duì)管理工作者能力和水平的考驗(yàn)。我院將繼續(xù)本著求真務(wù)實(shí)的工作態(tài)度，建立畢業(yè)論文管理工作的長(zhǎng)效機(jī)制，確保畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量逐年穩(wěn)步提高。
參考文獻(xiàn)：
[1]蔣亦華.我國(guó)本科畢業(yè)論文制度的闡釋與建構(gòu)[J].現(xiàn)代大學(xué)教育，2009（2）：101-106.
[2]柯穎.高校本科畢業(yè)論文教學(xué)改革的對(duì)策思考[J].學(xué)術(shù)論壇，2008（10）：203-205.
[3]周文剛，盧欣欣，崔仲遠(yuǎn).畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）過(guò)程管理和質(zhì)量監(jiān)控的改革與實(shí)踐[J].周口師范學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)，2013（2）：111-113.
【關(guān)鍵詞】畢業(yè)論文 本科生科研 探索
【中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)】G642 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】A 【文章編號(hào)】1674-4810（2013）12-0024-02
教育部教高〔2005〕1號(hào)文件《關(guān)于進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)高等學(xué)校本科教學(xué)工作的若干意見(jiàn)》中指出，積極推動(dòng)研究性教學(xué)，提高大學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新能力。引導(dǎo)大學(xué)生了解多種學(xué)術(shù)觀點(diǎn)并開(kāi)展討論、追蹤本學(xué)科領(lǐng)域最新進(jìn)展，提高自主學(xué)習(xí)和獨(dú)立研究的能力。要讓大學(xué)生通過(guò)參與教師科學(xué)研究項(xiàng)目或自主確定選題開(kāi)展研究等多種形式，進(jìn)行初步的探索性研究工作。我們對(duì)本科生參與教師科研進(jìn)行了探索，旨在培養(yǎng)本科生的實(shí)踐創(chuàng)新能力，提高本科生畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量。
一 目前高校本科生畢業(yè)論文中存在的問(wèn)題及原因
隨著高等院校的擴(kuò)招和就業(yè)壓力的增大，工科院校本科生畢業(yè)論文、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的質(zhì)量呈下降趨勢(shì)。主要原因有：
1.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)、畢業(yè)論文準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間短，精力投入不足，無(wú)法保證質(zhì)量
多數(shù)高校的本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)環(huán)節(jié)安排在最后一個(gè)學(xué)期進(jìn)行，學(xué)生需要完成畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)、選題、資料檢索、調(diào)研、相關(guān)計(jì)算機(jī)軟件的學(xué)習(xí)與應(yīng)用、方案確定與設(shè)計(jì)、實(shí)驗(yàn)研究，論文撰寫(xiě)、論文答辯等；而整個(gè)過(guò)程只有4個(gè)月的時(shí)間。加之目前就業(yè)壓力增大，這期間大部分本科生面臨著找工作的現(xiàn)實(shí)問(wèn)題。有的學(xué)生準(zhǔn)備研究生復(fù)試，有些學(xué)生要準(zhǔn)備公務(wù)員考試，成績(jī)不合格的學(xué)生還要參加畢業(yè)前的補(bǔ)考。因此，造成了畢業(yè)生投入到畢業(yè)論文中的時(shí)間不足，難以保證畢業(yè)論文的質(zhì)量。
2.缺乏實(shí)踐創(chuàng)新，科研素質(zhì)低
通常本科生是在最后一學(xué)期開(kāi)始時(shí)才接觸研究課題。之前本科生不了解科研過(guò)程更談不上進(jìn)行科研訓(xùn)練，而且動(dòng)手能力也較差。加上準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間短，造成工作效率低。
3.文獻(xiàn)搜集、整理能力差
畢業(yè)結(jié)業(yè)開(kāi)始時(shí)學(xué)院一般先給學(xué)生布置課題，學(xué)生根據(jù)自己的興趣選擇指導(dǎo)教師及課題。由于畢業(yè)結(jié)題指導(dǎo)時(shí)間短，指導(dǎo)教師通常會(huì)為學(xué)生提供經(jīng)典參考文獻(xiàn)并指導(dǎo)其閱讀，然后提供一些關(guān)鍵詞由學(xué)生自己查文獻(xiàn)閱讀，以促進(jìn)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)研究工作的開(kāi)展。搜集高質(zhì)量的參考文獻(xiàn)對(duì)論文寫(xiě)作非常重要。但由于學(xué)生查閱文獻(xiàn)的能力有強(qiáng)有弱，英文水平參差不齊，無(wú)法順利、快速地閱讀文獻(xiàn)，特別是對(duì)題目的理解還可能有偏差，結(jié)果查找并閱讀的文獻(xiàn)篇數(shù)少，質(zhì)量也不高。上述原因造成了學(xué)生對(duì)課題把握不到位，直接影響了課題的順利進(jìn)行。
4.實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程中缺乏主動(dòng)進(jìn)取精神
由于學(xué)生在課題開(kāi)始時(shí)才進(jìn)入實(shí)驗(yàn)室，因此大部分學(xué)生動(dòng)手能力較差。在實(shí)驗(yàn)室操作過(guò)程中難免會(huì)遇到各種問(wèn)題。僅有少部分學(xué)生能積極主動(dòng)地和導(dǎo)師探討問(wèn)題，大部分學(xué)生只能被動(dòng)地跟隨指導(dǎo)教師的節(jié)奏。
二 本科生科研的途徑
針對(duì)目前本科畢業(yè)論文中存在的普遍問(wèn)題，我們課題組在如何提高本科生畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量方面進(jìn)行了探討，并嘗試把學(xué)有余力的本科生引入到教師科研中進(jìn)行了探索。
1.本科生科研的方式
從學(xué)生進(jìn)入大學(xué)階段學(xué)習(xí)開(kāi)始，就應(yīng)通過(guò)專(zhuān)業(yè)介紹等講座，了解所學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)的國(guó)內(nèi)外現(xiàn)狀，了解本專(zhuān)業(yè)的發(fā)展與在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中的作用，對(duì)畢業(yè)后從事的工作有所了解。最好大一就能到單位進(jìn)行參觀實(shí)習(xí)，這樣學(xué)生對(duì)以后所從事的事業(yè)有清晰、完整的認(rèn)識(shí)。
在開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)理論知識(shí)的同時(shí)，還要著手培養(yǎng)本科生的科研素質(zhì)和實(shí)踐能力。不同年級(jí)大學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)能力有差異，因此需針對(duì)各年級(jí)制定分層次、階段性培養(yǎng)方案。通過(guò)安排不同的科研任務(wù)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)科研能力、科研素質(zhì)的逐步提升。
應(yīng)給本科生配備指導(dǎo)教師，由指導(dǎo)教師給學(xué)生制訂培養(yǎng)方案。讓學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)理論知識(shí)的同時(shí)，參加科研素質(zhì)訓(xùn)練。比如大學(xué)一年級(jí)學(xué)生的主要任務(wù)是：了解導(dǎo)師的科研方向與科研情況。大學(xué)二年級(jí)學(xué)生的任務(wù)是熟悉并掌握課題所需的基本實(shí)驗(yàn)技能，并根據(jù)個(gè)人特長(zhǎng)與教師的研究方向確定自己的實(shí)驗(yàn)方向，掌握文獻(xiàn)檢索的基本技能，閱讀4～5篇與教師課題相關(guān)的中文論文，一年內(nèi)至少閱讀并翻譯2篇相關(guān)英文文獻(xiàn)。大學(xué)三年級(jí)的主要任務(wù)：協(xié)助大學(xué)四年級(jí)的同學(xué)和教師完成自己所在實(shí)驗(yàn)方向的實(shí)驗(yàn)內(nèi)容，每學(xué)期至少閱讀3篇與教師課題相關(guān)的論文，一年內(nèi)至少閱讀2篇英文文獻(xiàn)；四年級(jí)同學(xué)的主要任務(wù)：針對(duì)自己的研究課題至少閱讀相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)30篇，其中英文文獻(xiàn)10篇以上。并在此基礎(chǔ)上，寫(xiě)出自己課題的研究背景、存在的問(wèn)題、找到通常的研究方法，制訂研究方案。并在教師的指導(dǎo)下，獨(dú)立思考，進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)研究，分析數(shù)據(jù)，撰寫(xiě)實(shí)驗(yàn)論文。
2.本科生參與科研過(guò)程應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題
第一，強(qiáng)化外語(yǔ)和計(jì)算機(jī)學(xué)習(xí)。本科生從事科研，較高的外語(yǔ)閱讀能力和熟練的計(jì)算機(jī)使用能力是必需的。否則會(huì)直接影響科研能力的開(kāi)展。所以本科生在大一時(shí)期要強(qiáng)化計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用及英語(yǔ)閱讀能力，為以后查閱文獻(xiàn)打好基礎(chǔ)。
第二，增開(kāi)選修課，提高文獻(xiàn)檢索與寫(xiě)作能力。盡早學(xué)習(xí)文選檢索課程，學(xué)會(huì)利用各種資源，提高文獻(xiàn)搜集及整理能力。
三 本科生科研的意義
1.理論知識(shí)與實(shí)踐能力相互促進(jìn)，激發(fā)學(xué)生自主性學(xué)習(xí)熱情
本科生參與教師的科研工作，能較早地把理論知識(shí)與科研實(shí)踐相聯(lián)系，從而體驗(yàn)到專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)的實(shí)用性，激發(fā)其學(xué)習(xí)專(zhuān)業(yè)理論知識(shí)的興趣。在科研過(guò)程中，通過(guò)實(shí)踐有效地促進(jìn)學(xué)生對(duì)學(xué)科間知識(shí)的聯(lián)結(jié)與整合，拓寬視野，夯實(shí)了理論基礎(chǔ)，加快了知識(shí)更新。隨著科研的不斷深入，學(xué)生能夠及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)自身知識(shí)的不足，從而激發(fā)自主性吸收新知識(shí)的主動(dòng)性。同時(shí)，由于課題需要，學(xué)生閱讀了大量的英文文獻(xiàn)與資料，從而也逐步提高了學(xué)生的外語(yǔ)水平。
一、藥學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文目前存在的問(wèn)題
1.論文的選題和方案設(shè)計(jì)困難。論文題目的選擇和實(shí)驗(yàn)方案的設(shè)計(jì)是完成畢業(yè)論文的最根本前提。盡管藥學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)為理科專(zhuān)業(yè)，大學(xué)四年開(kāi)設(shè)的實(shí)驗(yàn)課程所占比重較大，但學(xué)生基本是聽(tīng)從教師的安排，“老師怎么說(shuō)，我便怎么做”，沒(méi)有科研選題和設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)方案的經(jīng)歷。自主選題非常盲目，要么缺乏創(chuàng)新性、沒(méi)有實(shí)際價(jià)值；要么脫離學(xué)校現(xiàn)有的儀器條件、難以實(shí)現(xiàn)。同時(shí)，指導(dǎo)老師由于研究經(jīng)費(fèi)等原因，不愿意學(xué)生選擇自己科研課題之外的項(xiàng)目，但自身的科研課題又有_定的深度和難度，交給本科生做又擔(dān)心無(wú)法良好完成，最終造成畢業(yè)生選題難的尷尬局面。
2.指導(dǎo)老師資源緊張。現(xiàn)在很多藥學(xué)高等院校在學(xué)生大二階段便已開(kāi)始實(shí)施科研導(dǎo)師制，但由于近年來(lái)高等本科院校普遍擴(kuò)招，每年招收的學(xué)生均較多，專(zhuān)業(yè)老師相對(duì)于學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)還是非常緊張，大部分學(xué)生并不能如愿找到自己的科研導(dǎo)師盡早開(kāi)展課題研究。此外，畢業(yè)論文的指導(dǎo)老師大都是各高校中的骨干任課教師，除了每天曰常的教學(xué)工作之外，還要進(jìn)行課題的申請(qǐng)和實(shí)施開(kāi)展、文章撰寫(xiě)、結(jié)題等工作。再要為學(xué)生畢業(yè)課題的設(shè)計(jì)、試劑藥材等的購(gòu)買(mǎi)、實(shí)驗(yàn)操作、論文的撰寫(xiě)事無(wú)巨細(xì)地操心，實(shí)在是身心疲憊、力不從心，因而從內(nèi)心上也不愿意進(jìn)行畢業(yè)論文的指導(dǎo)。
3.畢業(yè)生考研、就業(yè)壓力的沖擊。隨著高等教育的普及，本科畢業(yè)生越來(lái)越多，出現(xiàn)了僧多粥少的場(chǎng)景，這使得畢業(yè)班的學(xué)生不得不向更高的學(xué)歷挑戰(zhàn)，每天在圖書(shū)館、通宵教室為考研而拼搏著，沒(méi)有心情顧及畢業(yè)論文的設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)驗(yàn)；這個(gè)學(xué)期也有不少醫(yī)院、醫(yī)藥企業(yè)或公司來(lái)學(xué)校招聘或做校園宣講會(huì)，很多學(xué)生都會(huì)積極參與以求取面試的機(jī)會(huì)。寫(xiě)論文也是心急火燎，到要交了臨陣磨槍?zhuān)识y以有效保證畢業(yè)論文的質(zhì)量。
4.畢業(yè)生綜合應(yīng)用能力不強(qiáng)。畢業(yè)論文的完成過(guò)程可以說(shuō)是對(duì)大學(xué)生四年學(xué)習(xí)的一次綜合檢驗(yàn)，不僅考查了學(xué)生對(duì)專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)的掌握程度，更重要的是反映了學(xué)生對(duì)專(zhuān)業(yè)技能的靈活運(yùn)用程度。就目前情況來(lái)看，學(xué)生的文獻(xiàn)檢索能力尚顯欠缺。雖然《文獻(xiàn)檢索》這門(mén)課程作為必修課已在藥學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)的大二學(xué)年安排，然而真到了學(xué)生要利用文獻(xiàn)檢索工具來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)和撰寫(xiě)畢業(yè)論文的時(shí)候，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)所學(xué)知識(shí)早已經(jīng)遺忘得差不多了，都不知道如何充分利用維普、萬(wàn)方等數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，更不用說(shuō)是查閱外文文獻(xiàn)了，部分學(xué)生甚至向指導(dǎo)老師索要英文文獻(xiàn)供他們翻譯，讓指導(dǎo)老師哭笑不得。
此外，藥學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)的論文，不僅需要查找大量的文獻(xiàn)資料，更重要的是必須學(xué)生自己積極主動(dòng)地進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)才能完成科學(xué)研究。然而學(xué)生在開(kāi)展實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程中，往往只是把它當(dāng)成一個(gè)任務(wù)來(lái)應(yīng)付，缺乏熱情，不愿意花費(fèi)時(shí)間和精力開(kāi)動(dòng)腦筋思考實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)的原理和依據(jù)，一旦實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)了問(wèn)題，第一時(shí)間就去問(wèn)老師。缺乏獨(dú)立思考解決問(wèn)題的能力，這也是教師在指導(dǎo)畢業(yè)論文的過(guò)程中最有感觸的_件事情。
二、改善藥學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量的對(duì)策和建議
1.論文的選題仍以教師的科研課題為主體。由于在短期內(nèi)藥學(xué)高等院校提供給學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文的經(jīng)費(fèi)不會(huì)有明顯增加，除少數(shù)較優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生自選課題外，指導(dǎo)教師的科研課題仍將是學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文的主要來(lái)源。針對(duì)教師科研課題難度偏大、本科生難以較好勝任的局面，教師一方面可以將課題分解成小的子項(xiàng)目，另一方面可讓研究生擔(dān)當(dāng)其中的良好中介。讓學(xué)生跟著研究生做課題，既解決了畢業(yè)生論文選題難的問(wèn)題，也讓學(xué)生有研究生更直接、更全面的指導(dǎo)和幫助，能更好地了解實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的、設(shè)計(jì)原理等，能較為有效地完成實(shí)驗(yàn)和論文。
2.從校外引入指導(dǎo)老師資源。除醫(yī)藥高等院校的教師外，不少醫(yī)藥企業(yè)、藥檢所等科研院所也在開(kāi)展與藥學(xué)相關(guān)的科研工作，由于這些單位編制人員少，對(duì)藥學(xué)實(shí)習(xí)生的需求十分迫切。高校應(yīng)搭建好他們與學(xué)生之間的橋梁，讓學(xué)生與企、事業(yè)單位間相互熟悉和了解后，實(shí)現(xiàn)學(xué)生與指導(dǎo)老師之間的雙向選擇。讓企、事業(yè)單位的科研人員擔(dān)任學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文的指導(dǎo)老師，不僅大大擴(kuò)充了指導(dǎo)老師的資源隊(duì)伍，減輕了在校教師的負(fù)擔(dān)，讓他們有更多的精力指導(dǎo)學(xué)生；而且也可擴(kuò)展學(xué)生的視野，讓他們盡早接觸校園之外的社會(huì)，為今后更好地適應(yīng)工作崗位奠定基礎(chǔ)。
3.合理安排時(shí)間，給予二次答辯的機(jī)會(huì)。針對(duì)畢業(yè)生考研、就業(yè)壓力的影響，學(xué)校可引導(dǎo)他們合理安排時(shí)間，利用大三的暑假完成文獻(xiàn)綜述和外文翻譯。并適當(dāng)提前不參加考研、準(zhǔn)備直接就業(yè)學(xué)生的答辯時(shí)間，讓他們盡早開(kāi)展實(shí)驗(yàn)；對(duì)于考研的學(xué)生則將答辯時(shí)間放在考研結(jié)束之后的兩三個(gè)月，即給予二次答辯的機(jī)會(huì)，讓這部分學(xué)生可以安心復(fù)習(xí)考研，等到考試結(jié)束后再全身心投入到畢業(yè)論文的工作中。
4.提升學(xué)生的綜合應(yīng)用能力。學(xué)生應(yīng)用能力的培養(yǎng)是幾年大學(xué)生涯的積累，因此，要提升學(xué)生這方面的素質(zhì)不是_朝_夕就能做到的，如何激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣、加強(qiáng)他們的實(shí)踐動(dòng)手能力是藥學(xué)院校在教學(xué)過(guò)程中始終要關(guān)注的問(wèn)題。在畢業(yè)論文設(shè)計(jì)之先，學(xué)校可以通過(guò)組織講座等形式讓相關(guān)的任課教師再系統(tǒng)地輔導(dǎo)一下學(xué)生如何充分使用檢索工具，指導(dǎo)期刊文獻(xiàn)特別是外文資料的查閱；學(xué)生也應(yīng)重新翻閱《文獻(xiàn)檢索》等相關(guān)教材，回憶起遺忘的知識(shí)點(diǎn)，以提高檢索能力。對(duì)于學(xué)生而言，應(yīng)明確畢業(yè)論文也是自身專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)習(xí)中非常關(guān)鍵的部分，是自己走上工作崗位前的一次實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練，從課題的選題、設(shè)計(jì)、實(shí)驗(yàn)操作到論文書(shū)寫(xiě)一定要認(rèn)真對(duì)待。在實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程中要不斷思考如何做、為什么這樣做的機(jī)理和原因，而不是糊里糊涂只當(dāng)是趕緊把任務(wù)完成。同時(shí)，在做實(shí)驗(yàn)的過(guò)程中難免會(huì)遇到問(wèn)題，應(yīng)先自己思考該如何解決，然后再和指導(dǎo)老師或研究生溝通、商議或解答，在操作過(guò)程中遇到失敗也是很正常的事情，要認(rèn)真分析出錯(cuò)的原因，不要?dú)怵H，端正態(tài)度帶著問(wèn)題重新來(lái)過(guò)，以獲取最終良好的結(jié)果。
關(guān)鍵詞 醫(yī)藥營(yíng)銷(xiāo)專(zhuān)業(yè) 論文質(zhì)量 教學(xué)改革
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)：G424 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼：A DOI：10.16400/ki.kjdkz.2015.03.059
Medicine Marketing Undergraduate Thesis
Quality Analysis and Teaching Reform
YANG Lin
（Xi'an Medical University， Xi'an， Shaanxi 710021）
Abstract Pharmaceutical marketing professional thesis is to examine the effect of graduates of professional learning important practical aspects， to fully reflect the student's comprehensive ability and self-learning ability， but also improve an important teaching graduates overall practice and innovation ability. Combined with the actual situation of pharmaceutical marketing professional school student thesis， analysis of nearly 153 graduates three basic conditions of pharmaceutical marketing and quality factors papers， thesis writing and defense against the existing problems， enhance substantive pharmaceutical marketing graduate thesis quality feasibility strategy.
Key words pharmaceutical marketing; thesis quality; teaching reform
醫(yī)藥營(yíng)銷(xiāo)專(zhuān)業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)理論知識(shí)獨(dú)立分析和解決問(wèn)題的一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié)，為了調(diào)查論文質(zhì)量及發(fā)現(xiàn)論文寫(xiě)作中存在的問(wèn)題，抽取近三屆153篇畢業(yè)論文進(jìn)行回顧性分析。大多數(shù)學(xué)生實(shí)習(xí)都集中于醫(yī)藥經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)，論文選題與醫(yī)藥營(yíng)銷(xiāo)實(shí)踐的相關(guān)度較高，論文的完成能夠體現(xiàn)醫(yī)藥營(yíng)銷(xiāo)專(zhuān)業(yè)綜合訓(xùn)練的要求。通過(guò)對(duì)該專(zhuān)業(yè)近三屆學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量的分析，探討對(duì)本專(zhuān)業(yè)畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量影響的因素，通過(guò)加強(qiáng)對(duì)畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作各環(huán)節(jié)的指導(dǎo)與控制，提高醫(yī)藥營(yíng)銷(xiāo)專(zhuān)業(yè)畢業(yè)論文的整體水平。
1 醫(yī)藥營(yíng)銷(xiāo)專(zhuān)業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文基本情況
近三屆醫(yī)藥營(yíng)銷(xiāo)專(zhuān)業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文共153篇，其中2008級(jí)35篇，2009級(jí)36篇，2010級(jí)82篇。調(diào)查內(nèi)容包括醫(yī)藥營(yíng)銷(xiāo)專(zhuān)業(yè)153篇論文的總體評(píng)分情況，畢業(yè)論文的三種主要類(lèi)型，畢業(yè)生實(shí)習(xí)單位、指導(dǎo)老師同畢業(yè)論文得分之間的相關(guān)關(guān)系等基本情況。2012、2013、2014屆醫(yī)藥營(yíng)銷(xiāo)專(zhuān)業(yè)畢業(yè)論文的優(yōu)秀率分別為8.6%、13.9%、13.4%，良好率分別是85.7%、69.4%、76.8%，合格率占5.7%、16.7%、9.8%。綜合來(lái)看學(xué)生寫(xiě)作流程基本規(guī)范，但是論文質(zhì)量有待提高。
醫(yī)藥營(yíng)銷(xiāo)專(zhuān)業(yè)畢業(yè)論文類(lèi)型分為理論研究型、市場(chǎng)調(diào)查型和理論應(yīng)用型。這三種類(lèi)型在2012屆畢業(yè)論文中的比率分別占8.6%、2.8%、88.6%，在2013屆畢業(yè)論文中的比率為11.1%、2.7%、86.2%，在2014屆畢業(yè)論文中的比率占7.3%、3.6%、89.1%。總體來(lái)看，近三屆學(xué)生的畢業(yè)論文以結(jié)合醫(yī)藥市場(chǎng)具體情況進(jìn)行分析、運(yùn)用營(yíng)銷(xiāo)理論解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題的應(yīng)用型為主。
醫(yī)藥營(yíng)銷(xiāo)專(zhuān)業(yè)畢業(yè)生的實(shí)習(xí)單位分為醫(yī)藥外資企業(yè)、國(guó)內(nèi)醫(yī)藥經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)、連鎖藥店和非醫(yī)藥企業(yè)這四種類(lèi)型。綜合近三屆畢業(yè)論文總體成績(jī)來(lái)看，在醫(yī)藥外資企業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)的畢業(yè)生論文中優(yōu)秀、良好、合格的比率是59.3%、33.3%、7.4%，在國(guó)內(nèi)醫(yī)藥經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)的畢業(yè)生論文中優(yōu)秀、良好、合格的比率是2.7%、90.5%、6.8%，在連鎖藥店實(shí)習(xí)的畢業(yè)生論文中優(yōu)秀、良好、合格的比率是2.6%、82.0%、15.4%。在非醫(yī)藥企業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)的畢業(yè)生論文中沒(méi)有成績(jī)優(yōu)秀的，良好與合格比率是76.9%、23.1%。顯然在醫(yī)藥外資企業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)的畢業(yè)生論文質(zhì)量最優(yōu)。
醫(yī)藥營(yíng)銷(xiāo)專(zhuān)業(yè)畢業(yè)生結(jié)合專(zhuān)業(yè)的實(shí)踐與應(yīng)用特性，近三屆畢業(yè)生中111人由醫(yī)藥企業(yè)工作人員帶教，論文考評(píng)優(yōu)秀、良好、合格的比率是11.7%、73.9%、14.4%，一些在連鎖藥店和非醫(yī)藥企業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)的學(xué)生因缺乏指導(dǎo)老師而由校內(nèi)專(zhuān)業(yè)課老師帶教，論文考評(píng)優(yōu)秀、良好、合格的比率是14.3%、61.9%、23.8%。
2 醫(yī)藥營(yíng)銷(xiāo)專(zhuān)業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量影響因素分析
通過(guò)對(duì)已經(jīng)畢業(yè)的近三屆醫(yī)藥營(yíng)銷(xiāo)畢業(yè)論文的回顧性整理發(fā)現(xiàn)，影響論文質(zhì)量的因素主要體現(xiàn)在學(xué)生對(duì)待畢業(yè)論文的態(tài)度、實(shí)習(xí)單位與指導(dǎo)老師這幾個(gè)主要的方面。
2.1 畢業(yè)生對(duì)待論文的態(tài)度
醫(yī)藥營(yíng)銷(xiāo)專(zhuān)業(yè)本科學(xué)生大都在醫(yī)藥企業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)，實(shí)習(xí)單位對(duì)學(xué)生有著較為嚴(yán)格的績(jī)效考核制度，學(xué)生不能像在校期間學(xué)習(xí)一樣靜下心來(lái)寫(xiě)論文。學(xué)生在畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作階段面臨實(shí)習(xí)、考研及找工作等問(wèn)題，往往忽視了畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作。對(duì)2010級(jí)學(xué)生采用訪談法收集畢業(yè)生對(duì)于畢業(yè)論文的看法和投入精力后發(fā)現(xiàn)，只有26%學(xué)生認(rèn)為畢業(yè)論文很重要，47%的學(xué)生認(rèn)為比較重要，27%的學(xué)生認(rèn)為寫(xiě)論文純屬完成任務(wù)。整體而言，學(xué)生在論文選題、開(kāi)題、資料收集、論文撰寫(xiě)、論文修改、畢業(yè)論文答辯等各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)投入的時(shí)間和精力不足。
2.2 論文選題與論文質(zhì)量
從畢業(yè)論文總體來(lái)看，在論文選題方面大都集中于醫(yī)藥市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域，絕大多數(shù)學(xué)生選擇了自己感興趣、與營(yíng)銷(xiāo)工作聯(lián)系緊密并且自己可以駕馭完成的論題。論文的選題難度與論文完成的工作量較為適中。醫(yī)藥營(yíng)銷(xiāo)專(zhuān)業(yè)畢業(yè)論文以理論應(yīng)用型為主，高達(dá)88.9%，市場(chǎng)調(diào)查型最少只占論文總量的2.6%。通過(guò)對(duì)2010級(jí)畢業(yè)生的抽查結(jié)果顯示，其中只有少部分學(xué)生在完成論文時(shí)，既查閱了文獻(xiàn)又進(jìn)行了實(shí)際的市場(chǎng)調(diào)研。由于畢業(yè)論文的寫(xiě)作設(shè)在最后一個(gè)學(xué)期，很多同學(xué)將絕大部分時(shí)間放在了實(shí)習(xí)和找工作上，在寫(xiě)作時(shí)忽略了原始資料的獲取，只進(jìn)行了二手文獻(xiàn)的查閱，影響了論文的說(shuō)服力。核查得分較低的論文后發(fā)現(xiàn)，個(gè)別學(xué)生論文選題過(guò)大，沒(méi)有針對(duì)本專(zhuān)業(yè)的具體情況，致使完成論文難度倍增，加之實(shí)習(xí)過(guò)程缺少必要的實(shí)踐訓(xùn)練環(huán)節(jié)，導(dǎo)致論文內(nèi)容空洞質(zhì)量不高。
2.3 指導(dǎo)老師與論文質(zhì)量
因?yàn)閿U(kuò)招本校醫(yī)藥營(yíng)銷(xiāo)專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)生人數(shù)逐年增加，校內(nèi)指導(dǎo)老師無(wú)法完成全部學(xué)生的論文指導(dǎo)工作，因此從學(xué)生實(shí)習(xí)的醫(yī)藥企業(yè)聘請(qǐng)責(zé)任心強(qiáng)、與營(yíng)銷(xiāo)實(shí)踐工作相關(guān)的人員作為校外指導(dǎo)老師。由醫(yī)藥企業(yè)人員和校內(nèi)專(zhuān)業(yè)課老師指導(dǎo)的畢業(yè)論文優(yōu)秀率分別為11.7%和14.3%，兩者之間沒(méi)有顯著差異。校內(nèi)教師對(duì)于營(yíng)銷(xiāo)理論非常了解，但對(duì)具體操作卻不十分清楚，在指導(dǎo)學(xué)生的過(guò)程中會(huì)出現(xiàn)僅僅靠理論指導(dǎo)，而難以解決企業(yè)實(shí)際問(wèn)題的情況。醫(yī)藥企業(yè)人員具備豐富的市場(chǎng)銷(xiāo)售經(jīng)驗(yàn)，能夠指導(dǎo)學(xué)生將理論轉(zhuǎn)化為實(shí)踐應(yīng)用，從學(xué)生論文中可以發(fā)現(xiàn)與具體實(shí)習(xí)企業(yè)的緊密聯(lián)系，但是校外老師在論文格式規(guī)范、參考文獻(xiàn)等方面有待改進(jìn)。
2.4 實(shí)習(xí)單位與論文質(zhì)量
實(shí)習(xí)單位對(duì)于畢業(yè)論文的優(yōu)良率有著重要的影響，從論文統(tǒng)計(jì)中可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，醫(yī)藥外資企業(yè)、國(guó)內(nèi)醫(yī)藥企業(yè)、連鎖藥店實(shí)習(xí)的學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文優(yōu)秀率分別為 59.3%、2.7%、2.6%，在醫(yī)藥外資企業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)的畢業(yè)生論文優(yōu)良率遠(yuǎn)高于其他三類(lèi)企業(yè)，說(shuō)明實(shí)習(xí)單位與畢業(yè)論文成績(jī)之間存在關(guān)聯(lián)。從論文完成情況可以看出，醫(yī)藥外資企業(yè)擁有良好的資金、技術(shù)等競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)，在人力資源培養(yǎng)方面投入力度大，在此實(shí)習(xí)的學(xué)生在市場(chǎng)銷(xiāo)售中得到了較好鍛煉，同時(shí)論文質(zhì)量整體較好。
3 提高醫(yī)藥營(yíng)銷(xiāo)畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量的改革對(duì)策
3.1 加強(qiáng)對(duì)畢業(yè)生論文寫(xiě)作前的指導(dǎo)
針對(duì)2014屆畢業(yè)生進(jìn)行的調(diào)研問(wèn)卷顯示63%學(xué)生和47%指導(dǎo)教師認(rèn)為影響論文質(zhì)量的最主要問(wèn)題是缺少論文規(guī)范性寫(xiě)作的指導(dǎo)和訓(xùn)練。83%的學(xué)生認(rèn)為學(xué)校有必要在實(shí)習(xí)前，給學(xué)生提供一些從開(kāi)題報(bào)告到畢業(yè)論文的范文并加以講解，使學(xué)生掌握論文的寫(xiě)作方法和注意事項(xiàng)，提高論文寫(xiě)作質(zhì)量和水平。雖然歷屆學(xué)生在畢業(yè)論文前都會(huì)安排有實(shí)習(xí)動(dòng)員，但由于時(shí)間緊，實(shí)習(xí)動(dòng)員更多的是強(qiáng)調(diào)實(shí)習(xí)注意事項(xiàng)和對(duì)論文基本要求，沒(méi)有對(duì)論文寫(xiě)作安排專(zhuān)門(mén)時(shí)間來(lái)指導(dǎo)和訓(xùn)練。因此，畢業(yè)論文水平的提高必須通過(guò)一定的方式方法來(lái)逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)。
可行的方法是將論文寫(xiě)作專(zhuān)項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練課程的內(nèi)容劃分為課堂講授及寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練兩部分。論文指導(dǎo)教師用5學(xué)時(shí)講完教學(xué)計(jì)劃的核心內(nèi)容，以綜述、開(kāi)題報(bào)告、中英文摘要和論文寫(xiě)作進(jìn)行講授。核心內(nèi)容的講授采用案例式教學(xué)，以往屆畢業(yè)生中的優(yōu)秀論文為范文進(jìn)行分析說(shuō)明。剩余的時(shí)間通過(guò)給出學(xué)習(xí)要點(diǎn)及作業(yè)由學(xué)生自主完成。學(xué)生作業(yè)結(jié)合擬完成畢業(yè)論文題目，逐項(xiàng)提交與之有關(guān)的開(kāi)題報(bào)告、中英文摘要和論文等。
3.2 論文寫(xiě)作由校內(nèi)外導(dǎo)師共同指導(dǎo)
醫(yī)藥營(yíng)銷(xiāo)專(zhuān)業(yè)的學(xué)生撰寫(xiě)論文是要解決企業(yè)的實(shí)際問(wèn)題，為了能夠使學(xué)生的論文反映醫(yī)藥企業(yè)的實(shí)際情況，實(shí)習(xí)企業(yè)應(yīng)該為學(xué)生指派一位實(shí)踐指導(dǎo)教師，由校外老師負(fù)責(zé)指導(dǎo)學(xué)生的營(yíng)銷(xiāo)實(shí)踐環(huán)節(jié)，并為學(xué)生創(chuàng)造條件進(jìn)行學(xué)位論文的撰寫(xiě)。校內(nèi)老師指導(dǎo)學(xué)生完成與學(xué)位論文相關(guān)的表格填寫(xiě)工作。這樣學(xué)生在收集數(shù)據(jù)、調(diào)查資料等方面就能從企業(yè)角度分析問(wèn)題、解決問(wèn)題，大大提高了學(xué)生對(duì)實(shí)際問(wèn)題的理解程度，保證了學(xué)生在理論和實(shí)踐應(yīng)用兩方面順利完成畢業(yè)論文的寫(xiě)作。與此同時(shí)，這也將有利于加強(qiáng)校內(nèi)外交流與合作，提高本專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)生的培養(yǎng)質(zhì)量，向醫(yī)藥企業(yè)輸送合格的畢業(yè)生。
3.3 論文答辯方式的改革
醫(yī)藥營(yíng)銷(xiāo)專(zhuān)業(yè)的學(xué)生答辯形式是人人參與答辯，答辯成績(jī)占最終論文總成績(jī)的40%，查閱總成績(jī)不高的學(xué)生論文后發(fā)現(xiàn)，答辯成績(jī)也往往偏低。學(xué)院選擇在醫(yī)藥企業(yè)實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的管理人員和校內(nèi)專(zhuān)業(yè)課老師共同組成醫(yī)藥營(yíng)銷(xiāo)論文答辯小組，每個(gè)小組由5名教師組成，每個(gè)答辯的學(xué)生需要回答2～3個(gè)問(wèn)題，學(xué)生一一作答后，答辯教師根據(jù)學(xué)生的論文撰寫(xiě)情況和答辯情況給出相應(yīng)的成績(jī)，如果成績(jī)不合格需要進(jìn)行二次答辯。為了避免這種效率不高的重復(fù)勞動(dòng)，本專(zhuān)業(yè)將在下一屆畢業(yè)生中推行預(yù)答辯制度，即在正式答辯之前先組織學(xué)生預(yù)演全過(guò)程，幫助學(xué)生及時(shí)找到不足加以完善，以期在正式答辯中發(fā)揮出最佳水平。
畢業(yè)論文的質(zhì)量不僅能反映教師的教學(xué)和科研水平，而且還能反映一個(gè)學(xué)校人才培養(yǎng)模式和培養(yǎng)計(jì)劃的合理性。畢業(yè)論文是對(duì)大學(xué)四年學(xué)習(xí)成果的綜合性總結(jié)，對(duì)學(xué)生利用所學(xué)知識(shí)分析問(wèn)題和解決問(wèn)題能力的檢驗(yàn)，是大學(xué)生完成學(xué)業(yè)的標(biāo)志性作業(yè)。通過(guò)校外實(shí)習(xí)就業(yè)一體化基地建設(shè)、實(shí)施論文寫(xiě)作的綜合實(shí)訓(xùn)指導(dǎo)，完善畢業(yè)論文過(guò)程化管理和嚴(yán)格地進(jìn)行論文評(píng)閱與答辯等措施，將實(shí)質(zhì)性提高醫(yī)藥營(yíng)銷(xiāo)專(zhuān)業(yè)畢業(yè)論文的質(zhì)量。
項(xiàng)目：西安醫(yī)學(xué)院2014年校級(jí)精品課程資助項(xiàng)目（XYZL2014-13）
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] 鐘其鵬.近三十年來(lái)本科畢業(yè)論文環(huán)節(jié)教學(xué)研究述評(píng)[J].欽州學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)，2010（2）：79-83.
一、畢業(yè)論文正文
1、畢業(yè)論文、文獻(xiàn)綜述、外文翻譯及開(kāi)題報(bào)告全部用計(jì)算機(jī)打印。
2、課題任務(wù)書(shū)裝訂在正文目錄之前。
3、“目錄”居中用四號(hào)黑體加粗，中間空12個(gè)字距。頁(yè)碼采用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字加“（）”右頂格止，前面加“………………”；漢字用五號(hào)宋體，英文及數(shù)字用五號(hào)TimesNewRoman；論文文本每頁(yè)右上角有頁(yè)碼，用五號(hào)TimesNewRoman。
4、標(biāo)題控制在20個(gè)漢字以?xún)?nèi)，居中用四號(hào)黑體加粗；如語(yǔ)意未盡，可以借副標(biāo)題予以補(bǔ)充，置于標(biāo)題下，前加破折號(hào)，用小四號(hào)黑體加粗。
5、按五號(hào)字空行后，居中用小四號(hào)宋體打印三行內(nèi)容：學(xué)生：×××指導(dǎo)教師：×××三峽大學(xué)理學(xué)院
6按五號(hào)字空行并空2個(gè)字距后，用五號(hào)黑體打印“摘要：”，接著用五號(hào)宋體打印內(nèi)容，篇幅控制在200字左右，換行時(shí)為自動(dòng)換行，不空字距。中文摘要下方為英文摘要，用五號(hào)TimesNewRoman，“Abstract:”加粗。
7、換行空2個(gè)字距后，用五號(hào)黑體打印“關(guān)鍵詞：”，接著用五號(hào)宋體打印內(nèi)容，關(guān)鍵詞由3—8個(gè)詞或詞組組成，各關(guān)鍵詞之間用分號(hào)相隔。中文關(guān)鍵詞下方為英文關(guān)鍵詞(小寫(xiě))，用五號(hào)TimesNewRoman，“Keywords:”加粗。
8、按五號(hào)字空行并空兩個(gè)字距后直接五號(hào)宋體打印前言?xún)?nèi)容，不編序號(hào)。
9、按五號(hào)字空行后打印主體部分及總結(jié)。各層次標(biāo)題一律用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字連續(xù)編號(hào)，不同層次的數(shù)字之間用“.”相隔，末尾數(shù)字后面不加標(biāo)點(diǎn)，如“1”“2.1”“3.1.2”等；各層次的序號(hào)均左頂格起，后空1個(gè)字距接排標(biāo)題。第1層次的序號(hào)及標(biāo)題上下按五號(hào)字空行，用小四號(hào)黑體加粗，其它用五號(hào)宋體。論文中的表、圖和公式按第1層次的序號(hào)編號(hào)，如：“表1.1”、“表1.6”……，“圖1.1”、“圖1.7”……（編號(hào)后空1個(gè)字距接排圖名及表名），“公式1—（1）”、“公式1—（2）”……。圖及表用小五號(hào)宋體居中排，圖名和表名用小五號(hào)黑體加粗，分別置于圖的下方和表的上方并居中排。公式一律用公式編輯器打印，序號(hào)標(biāo)注在最后一行的最右邊，前面加“………………”；公式換行時(shí)，只能在＋，－，×，÷，＜，＞等處換行，上下式盡可能在“＝”處對(duì)齊。
10、致謝、附錄均左頂格起，不編序號(hào)，用小四號(hào)黑體加粗，上下按五號(hào)字空行，其后內(nèi)容用五號(hào)宋體。附錄有復(fù)印的圖表，用16K紙單面復(fù)印，頁(yè)邊距與畢業(yè)論文稿紙一致，便于裝訂。
11、“參考文獻(xiàn)”左頂格起（不編序號(hào)），用小四號(hào)黑體加粗，上下按五號(hào)字空行，其后內(nèi)容用五號(hào)宋體。引用順序號(hào)加“〔〕”左頂格起，后空1個(gè)字距后著錄。著錄順序見(jiàn)《三峽大學(xué)畢業(yè)論文工作實(shí)施條例》P16或封二、封三。“〔〕”中順序號(hào)與正文中順序號(hào)一致（正文中按順序在引用參考文獻(xiàn)處用上標(biāo)“〔〕”標(biāo)明）。參考文獻(xiàn)必須是作者親自閱讀過(guò)的發(fā)表在公開(kāi)出版物上的文獻(xiàn)。
12、畢業(yè)論文正文不少于1.5萬(wàn)字。
二、文獻(xiàn)綜述
由前言、主體、總結(jié)和參考文獻(xiàn)組成。
第一頁(yè)第一行左起頂格，用四號(hào)宋體打印“文獻(xiàn)綜述”。換第二行打印標(biāo)題，格式見(jiàn)第一條1、4、5、8、9、11。文獻(xiàn)綜述不少于3000字（前言300字左右，主體2500字左右，總結(jié)100—200字），其中參考文獻(xiàn)不少于15種。
三、外文翻譯
1、外文資料用16K紙單面復(fù)印或打印，頁(yè)邊距與畢業(yè)論文稿紙一致，便于裝訂。
2、譯文：第一頁(yè)第一行左起頂格，用四號(hào)宋體打印“外文翻譯”。換第二行打印標(biāo)題，格式見(jiàn)第一條1、4。標(biāo)題為原文標(biāo)題的中文譯文，作者是華人時(shí)，署名為中文，否則，署名為英文名。(格式與第一條對(duì)應(yīng)部分相同)。
3、裝訂時(shí)，原文在前，譯文在后。
4、外文翻譯不少于3000漢字。
