時間:2023-05-30 10:56:05
開篇:寫作不僅是一種記錄,更是一種創(chuàng)造,它讓我們能夠捕捉那些稍縱即逝的靈感,將它們永久地定格在紙上。下面是小編精心整理的12篇疑問代詞,希望這些內(nèi)容能成為您創(chuàng)作過程中的良師益友,陪伴您不斷探索和進步。
關(guān)鍵詞:《詩經(jīng)》;疑問代詞;“何”;“胡”
中圖分類號:H109.2 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A 文章編號:1005-5312(2011)23-0186-02
疑問代詞是表示疑問意義的代詞,自從馬建忠在《馬氏文通》中設(shè)“詢問代詞”以來,疑問代詞的研究便一直受到語法學(xué)界的關(guān)注。《詩三百》作為四書五經(jīng)之一,后世非常推崇,尊之為《詩經(jīng)》,孔子也曾對其有過“不學(xué)‘詩’,無以言”的評價。的確,被喻為“周代社會生活百科全書”的《詩經(jīng)》是一本內(nèi)涵豐富的書,非常全面地再現(xiàn)了當(dāng)時的社會生活,反映了當(dāng)時語言使用的狀況。筆者將以《詩經(jīng)》為藍(lán)本,對上古漢語中疑問代詞的使用情況作一番粗淺地探析,以求教方家。
《詩經(jīng)》中出現(xiàn)的疑問代詞有:何、胡、曷、誰、如何、如之何、安、焉、幾何、害、等十幾個。以上疑問代詞可分為如下幾類:人物疑問代詞、事物疑問代詞、方式情狀疑問代詞、原因目的疑問代詞、處所疑問代詞、時間疑問代詞和數(shù)量疑問代詞[1]。因大多數(shù)疑問代詞不止一類用法,下文將在對《詩經(jīng)》每一個疑問代詞作窮盡式數(shù)量統(tǒng)計的基礎(chǔ)上進行系統(tǒng)的分析。
一、“何”
“‘何’,甲骨文、周金文中少見,書經(jīng)、石鼓文有之。《詩經(jīng)》及列國時代以下常用之。”“何”自從在《尚書》、《詩經(jīng)》中頻繁出現(xiàn)后,逐漸成為應(yīng)用最廣泛、句法功能最完善的一個疑問代詞。“何”在《詩經(jīng)》中做疑問代詞102例。有以下幾類用法:
(一)事物疑問代詞,共81例。做事物疑問代詞是“何”最為常見的用法,在句法中詢問事物。
1、做賓語,共53例。“‘何’字指物 ,以用于賓語為常”,做賓語是“何”的主要句法功能,一般都用在動詞之前,譯為“什么”。
(1)人而無儀,不死何為?(國風(fēng)?{風(fēng)?相鼠)
(2)知我者,謂我心憂;不知我者,謂我何求。(國風(fēng)?衛(wèi)風(fēng)?黍離)
(3)父母何怙?悠悠蒼天,曷其有所?(國風(fēng)?唐風(fēng)?鴇羽)
(4)終南何有?有條有梅。(國風(fēng)?秦風(fēng)?終南)
(5)何以贈之?路車乘黃。(國風(fēng)?秦風(fēng)?渭陽)
(6)何以舟之?維玉及瑤,@e容刀。(大雅?公劉)
2、做謂語,共12例。僅出現(xiàn)在判斷句中,譯為“什么”。
(7)其釣維何?維絲伊緡。齊侯之子,平王之孫。(國風(fēng)?召南?何彼a矣)
(8)其釣維何?維魴及r。維魴及r,薄言觀者。(小雅?采綠)
(9)其告維何?籩豆靜嘉。(大雅?既醉)
3、做定語,共16例。可用“何+N”來問人、物或時間。(N指名詞。)
(10)悠悠蒼天,此何人哉?(國風(fēng)?衛(wèi)風(fēng)?黍離)
(11)何人不將?經(jīng)營四方。(小雅?何草不黃)
(12)何草不黃?(同上)
(13)綢繆束薪,三星在天。今夕何夕,見此良人?(國風(fēng)?唐風(fēng)?綢繆)
(14)中心藏之,何日忘之?(小雅?隰桑)
(15)有者弁,實維何期?(小雅?弁)
(二)方式、情狀疑問代詞:共8例,做狀語或謂語。在反詰句中詢問事理,或在真性問句里詢問性狀。
1、做狀語,5例。“何”譯為“怎么”。
(16)陟彼石且矣,我馬疒者矣,我仆疒甫矣,云何吁矣。(國風(fēng)?周南?卷耳)
(17)彼人是哉,子曰何其?心憂矣,其誰知之?(國風(fēng)?魏風(fēng)?園有桃)
(18)既見君子,云何不樂?(國風(fēng)?王風(fēng)?揚之水)
2、做謂語,僅3例。譯為“怎么樣”。
(19)天實為之,謂之何哉!(國風(fēng)?邶風(fēng)?北門)
(三)原因、目的疑問代詞。共9例。在句中作狀語,譯為“為什么”。
(20)何彼a矣,唐棣之華?(國風(fēng)?召南?何彼a矣)
(21)何其處也?必有與也!(國風(fēng)?邶風(fēng)?旄丘)
(22)叔兮伯兮,何多日也?(同上)
(23)山有漆,隰有栗。子有酒食,何不日鼓瑟?(國風(fēng)?唐風(fēng)?山有樞)
(四)處所疑問代詞。僅3例。在句中做賓語,譯為“哪里”、“哪兒”。
(24)哀我人斯,于何從祿?(小雅?正月)
(25)靡所止疑,云徂何往?(大雅?桑柔)
(五)代時間的疑問代詞:僅1例
(26)言念君子,溫其在邑。方何為期?胡然我念之!(國風(fēng)?秦風(fēng)?小戎)
二、“胡”做賓語
“胡”做疑問代詞55例。其有以下幾類用法:
(一)原因、目的疑問代詞,共39例。在句中做狀語,既可修飾“不VP”,也可直接修飾“VP”。譯為“為什么”。(此處及以下的VP均指動詞或動詞性短語。)
(27)式微,式微,胡不歸?(國風(fēng)?邶風(fēng)?式微)
(28)人而無禮!胡不遄死?(國風(fēng)?{風(fēng)?相鼠)
(29)不稼不穡,胡取禾三百廛兮?(國風(fēng)?魏風(fēng)?伐檀)
(30)胡逝我梁,不入我門?(小雅?何人斯)
(31)胡不自北?胡不自南?胡逝我梁?攪我心。(同上)
(二)方式、情狀疑問代詞,共10例。用在反詰句中做狀語,詢問事理。譯為“怎么”。
(32)胡能有定?寧不我顧。(國風(fēng)?邶風(fēng)?日月)
(33)人之為言,胡得焉?(國風(fēng)?唐風(fēng)?采苓)
(三)事物疑問代詞,僅5例。限于“胡為”的組合,譯為“為什么”。
(34)微君之故,胡為乎中露!(國風(fēng)?邶風(fēng)?式微)
(35)胡為乎株林?從夏南!匪適株林,從夏南!(國風(fēng)?陳風(fēng)?株林)
(36)抑此皇父,豈曰不時?胡為我作,不即我謀?(小雅?十月之交)
鞫人忮忒。譖始競背。豈曰不極?伊胡為慝?如賈三倍,君子是識。婦無公事,休其蠶織。(大雅?瞻n)
(四)代處所的疑問代詞。僅1例。在句中作定語,譯為“什么”。
(37)我視謀猶,伊于胡底。(小雅?小F)
三、“誰”
《詩經(jīng)》中“誰”做疑問代詞48例。王力先生認(rèn)為:“誰’是專指人而言的疑問代詞,而且是不拘單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)的。”因此48例中“誰”均為人物疑問代詞,在句子中主要充當(dāng)主語,少數(shù)做賓語,偶爾充當(dāng)定語。譯為“什么人”,“哪個(些)”。
(一)做主語,共39例。做主語是“誰”的主要句法功能。
(38)誰從穆公?子車奄息。(國風(fēng)?秦風(fēng)?黃鳥)
(39)具曰予圣,誰知烏之雌雄!(小雅?正月)
(40)誰能亨魚?溉之釜g。誰將西歸?懷之好音。(國風(fēng)?檜風(fēng)?匪風(fēng))
(41)誰謂雀無角?何以穿我屋?誰謂女無家?何以速我獄?雖速我獄,室家不足!(國風(fēng)?召南?行露)
(42)誰謂荼苦,其甘如薺。宴爾新婚,如兄如弟。(國風(fēng)?邶風(fēng)?谷風(fēng))
(二)做賓語,8例。
代詞在句中可作主語、賓語、表語和定語。
初中常見的代詞可分為人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、疑問代詞、反身代詞和不定代詞等。
一、人稱代詞
用來表示你、我、他、她、它、我們、你們、他們的詞。人稱代詞有人稱、數(shù)和格的變化。
見下表:
二、物主代詞
表示所有關(guān)系的代詞稱為物主代詞。物主代詞分為形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞兩種。見下表:
三、反身代詞
表示“我自己,你自己,他自己,我們自己,你們自己,他們自己”的代詞叫反身代詞。
其形式如下:
四、指示代詞
表示“這個”、“那個”、“這些”、“那些”等意思的代詞稱為指示代詞。指示代詞有:this,that,these,those,it,such等。
指示代詞的特殊用法
a.在比較狀語從句中,為了避免重復(fù),要用that或those代替提到過的名詞。
b.this和these常指后面要講的事物,有啟下的作用,而that常指前面所講過的事物,有承
上的作用。
c.such(如此的)和same(同樣的)也是指示代詞,單、復(fù)數(shù)形式相同,在句中可作定語、主語、
賓語和表語等成分,same前必須加the。
d.it指人時可作為指示代詞,在句中作主語。
五、不定代詞
不是指明代替任何特定名詞(或形容詞)的代詞,不定代詞有:
some一些(可數(shù)或不可數(shù)),any一些,任何,no沒有,none沒有人,沒有東西,
many許多,few少,little少,all全部,both兩個,every每個,one一個,either二者之一,
neither二者都不,other別的,a few一些,a little一些(不可數(shù)),another另一個,
還有由some,any,no,every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞,如下圖
不定代詞在句中作主語、賓語、表語和定語,但none和復(fù)合不定代詞只能作主語、賓語和表語,every和no只能作定語。復(fù)合不定代詞的定語后置。
六、疑問代詞
【考點一】考查人稱代詞的主格和賓格
人稱代詞主格( I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) 作主語,賓格(me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them)作及物動詞或介詞的賓語。作主語的人稱代詞若用于無謂語動詞的簡短應(yīng)答句子中時,應(yīng)用賓格來代替主格。
【考題鏈接】
1. Aunt Tina will visit us soon. _____ is arriving tomorrow morning. (重慶市)
A. He B. She C. His D. Her
2.―Susan, go and join your sister in cleaning the yard.
―Why _____? John is sitting there doing nothing at all. (湖北黃岡)
A. I B. me C. myself D. mine
【考點二】考查形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞
形容詞性物主代詞具有形容詞的功能,在名詞之前作定語;名詞性物主代詞具有名詞的功能,相當(dāng)于“形容詞性物主代詞+名詞”,在句中作主語、賓語或表語。形容詞性物主代詞有: my,your,his,her,its,our,your,their。名詞性物主代詞有: mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,yours,theirs。
【考題鏈接】
3. I have a big brother. _____ name is Paul. (北京市)
A. His B. Her C. Its D. Your
4.―Excuse me, may I use your bicycle? _____ is broken.
―Certainly. But remember to return it before lunch. (江蘇南京)
A. I B. Me C. Myself D. Mine
5.―The camera in your hand is nice, is it _____?
―Yes, but I’ll give it to my friend Lily as _____ birthday present. (湖北隨州)
A. you;her B. your;hers
C. yours;her D. you;hers
【考點三】考查反身代詞
反身代詞的單數(shù)形式有:myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,復(fù)數(shù)形式有:ourselves,yourselves,themselves。反身代詞在句中常用作賓語、表語、同位語。在 enjoy oneself(玩得開心), help oneself to(隨便用/吃……),kill oneself(自殺),lose oneself in(陶醉于),express oneself(自我表達(dá)),introduce oneself(自我介紹),talk to oneself(自言自語),learn by oneself(自學(xué))等固定短語中作及物動詞或介詞的賓語。
【考題鏈接】
6. Don’t worry. We’re old enough to look after _____. (陜西省)
A. myself B. me C. ourselves D. us
7. Deng Ziqi won lots of fans for _____ through the TV program I AM A SINGER Ⅱ.(廣東佛山)
A. she B. her C. herself
【考點四】考查復(fù)合不定代詞
復(fù)合不定代詞something,everything,anything,nothing 等表示事物;somebody,everyone,everybody,nobody,no one,anybody 等表示人。這些復(fù)合不定代詞都是單數(shù),可作主語、賓語或表語。一般來說,something,somebody,everything,everybody 用于肯定句;anything,anybody 用于否定句、疑問句或條件狀語從句;nothing,nobody,no one 本身具有否定意義,不與 not 連用。此外,形容詞修飾復(fù)合不定代詞時,通常后置。
【考題鏈接】
8. At present,children mean _____ to most parents in China. (河南省)
A. everything B. nothing
C. anything D. something
9.―Your English is very good. Who taught you?
―_____. I learned it all by myself. (湖北襄陽)
A. Somebody B. Everybody
C. Nobody D. Anybody
10. This work needs close teamwork. _____will be achieved unless we work well together. (江蘇蘇州)
A. Nothing B. Anything
C. Something D. Everything
11.―Look,_____ is dancing under the tree.
―Oh,that’s my cousin,Anna.(浙江溫州)
A. everybody B. anybody
C. nobody D. somebody
【考點五】考查代詞one,it,that,those
one 泛指上文提到過的同類人或事物中的一個單數(shù)名詞;it特指代上文提到過的單數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞,也可指代無法確認(rèn)性別的人,it可以用作形式主語或形式賓語,代替作真正主語或真正賓語的動詞不定式或從句;that 特指上文出現(xiàn)過的單數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞;those指代上文出現(xiàn)過的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,相當(dāng)于 the ones。
【考題鏈接】
12. Do you have toys? I’d like to buy _____ for my cousin. (河北省)
A. it B. one C. this D. that
13. I can’t find my ticket. I think I must have lost _____. (浙江杭州)
A. it B. one C. this D. them
14. Bill thought _____ necessary to work with friends and share different ideas. (甘肅蘭州)
A. it B. they C. them D. him
15.―The cars made in Germany are more expensive than _____ made in Japan.
―Yes,you are right. But I think they’re much better. (內(nèi)蒙古呼和浩特)
A. those B. that C. ones D. it
【考點六】考查all,both,either,neither,none
1.both,either和neither皆表示兩者,可作主語、賓語和定語,both還可作同位語。both意為“兩者都”,neither意為“兩者都不”,either意為“兩者中任意一個”,它們都可與of構(gòu)成短語。
2.all和none表示三者或三者以上。all意為“全、都”,表肯定。none意為“一個沒有”,表否定。all可作主語、賓語、表語、定語和同位語;none可作主語、賓語和同位語,但不能作定語。all和none都可與of構(gòu)成短語;all和both與not連用時表示部分否定。
【考題鏈接】
16. You can take _____ of the two toy cars and leave the other for your brother. (安徽省)
A. both B. none C. either D. neither
17.―Would you like tea or coffee?
―_____,thanks! I’d prefer a Coke. (廣東廣州)
A. Both B. Neither C. All D. Some
18. Old Mr. Black lives happily with his three dogs. _____ of them are part of his family. (上海市)
A. Both B. All C. None D. Neither
【考點七】考查不定代詞some ,any
一般來說some 用于肯定句中,any 用于否定句或疑問句中。但 some 也可用于疑問句中,表示一種客氣的請求或希望得到對方肯定的答復(fù)。
【考題鏈接】
19.―Is there _____ beef in the fridge?
―No,there aren’t. There is _____ pork. (天津市)
A. some;any B. any;any
C. some;some D. any;some
【考點八】考查other,the other,another,others,the others
other用作代詞,與the連用構(gòu)成“the other”,特指兩個人或物中的“另一個”,常與one搭配構(gòu)成“one ...,the other ...”句型;others是other 的復(fù)數(shù)形式,泛指“另外的人或物”,常與some搭配構(gòu)成“some ....,others ...”句型;the others特指某范圍內(nèi)的“其他人或物”;another意為“另一個”。
【考點九】考查疑問代詞和關(guān)系代詞
疑問代詞對人或物提出疑問,構(gòu)成特殊疑問句,用在特殊疑問句的句首。疑問代詞還可用來引導(dǎo)賓語從句。初中階段,我們所學(xué)的疑問代詞有who,whom,whose,what和which。
關(guān)系代詞是用來引述前面已經(jīng)提過的名詞或代詞的一類詞,常用來引導(dǎo)定語從句。它主要有who,whom,whose,which,that等。who,whom和whose在定語從句中都用來指人,其中whom在句中作賓語,which 只指物,that 既可指人也可指物。
【考題鏈接】
20.I like the writers are popular among teenagers. (四川成都)
A. who B. which C. whom
21.―I didn’t see you last night. Where did you go?
―I went to see a movie called Coming Home _____ was directed by Zhang Yimou. (甘肅蘭州)
A. who B. whom C. when D. which
22. Tommy couldn’t stop thinking about the boy _____ made him a fool in front of the whole class. (山東濰坊)
那和哪的區(qū)別主要有:
那:
1、做指示代詞,一般與第三人談?wù)摃r用,用來指明較遠(yuǎn)些的人或事物,比如:我要買那個。
2、做修飾語,用來描述遠(yuǎn)些的人或事物,比如:旁邊那個人怎么樣。
哪:
1、做疑問代詞,一般用語問句中,比如:哪個是你要要的。
2、修飾中心詞,比如:你指的是哪個人。那雖然不是疑問代詞也可用于疑問句中,比如:那個人你認(rèn)識嗎。但是它不能直接引起疑問。所以,區(qū)別在于詞性,一個是疑問代詞,可直接引起疑問,那一個則不能。
(來源:文章屋網(wǎng) )
一、考查人稱代詞的主格和賓格
人稱代詞主格(I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they)作主語,賓格(me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them)作及物動詞或介詞的賓語,即通常所說的“動詞賓語”和“介詞賓語”。
【中考真題】
1.(2012年濰坊卷)My first teacher, Ms. Yao, was very strict with .
A. usB. we
C. ourD. ours
2.(2012年重慶卷)Reading more helps learn better.
A. weB. our
C. usD. ours
3.(2012年濟南卷)―Is your brother running in the park?
―No, is swimming in the river.
A. sheB. his
C. herD. he
4.(2012年綿陽卷)Everyone in the hall knew me, but I did not know .
A. himB. her
C. themD. those
二、考查形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞
形容詞性物主代詞具有形容詞的功能,在名詞之前作定語;名詞性物主代詞具有名詞的功能,相當(dāng)于“形容詞性物主代詞+名詞”,在句中作主語、賓語或表語。
形容詞性物主代詞: my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their
名詞性物主代詞: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs
【中考真題】
.(2012年福州卷)―ere is a schoolbag. Whose is it?
―Oh, its . hank you.
A. myB. mineC. me
6.(2012年寧波卷)―Is this your notebook?
―No, it isnt. e is looking for .
A. mineB. yours
C. hersD. his
7.(2012年永州卷)With help, we finished our work on time.
A. theyB. themC. their
8.(2012年株洲卷)he students are helping the old man clean house now.
A. herB. himC. his
9.(2012年南充卷)―Is this your edictionary?
―No, is in the backpack.
A. mineB. yoursC. my
10.(2012年十堰卷)Mary and Gina are my cousins. father works in Dongfeng Company.
A. heirB. hey
C. hemD. heirs
11.[CM(16*2](2012年咸寧卷)―Are these CDs?
―No, they are not mine. hey belong to .
A. your; herB. yours; her
C. you; hersD. yours; she
12.(2012年上海卷)We have decided to try best to raise more money for the local charity.
A. usB. our
C. weD. ours
三、考查反身代詞
單數(shù)反身代詞有: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself;復(fù)數(shù)反身代詞有: ourselves, yourselves, themselves。反身代詞在句中常用作賓語、表語、同位語。在 enjoy oneself(玩得開心), help oneself to(隨便用/吃……), kill oneself(自殺), lose oneself in(陶醉于……), express oneself(自我表達(dá)), introduce oneself(自我介紹), talk to oneself(自言自語), learn by oneself(自學(xué))等固定短語中作及物動詞或介詞的賓語。
【中考真題】
13.(2012年廣安卷)―Who taught you Japanese?
―Nobody, I learned it by .
A. myselfB. myC. me
14.(2012年河北卷)Dont worry about me. Im old enough to think for .
A. himselfB. herself
C. yourselfD. myself
1.(2012年宿遷卷) Peter enjoyed at his party last night.
A. heB. him
C. himselfD. his
四、考查復(fù)合不定代詞
復(fù)合不定代詞something, everything, anything, nothing 等表示事物; somebody, everybody, anybody, nobody, everyone, no one等表示人。這些復(fù)合不定代詞都作單數(shù),可作主語、賓語或表語。一般來說,something, somebody, everything, everybody 用于肯定句,anything, anybody 用于否定句、疑問句或條件狀語從句;nothing, nobody, no one 本身具有否定意義,不與 not 連用。此外,形容詞修飾復(fù)合不定代詞時,通常后置。
【中考真題】
16.(2012年重慶卷)here must be wrong with the clock. It doesnt work.
A. nothingB. something
C. everythingD. anything
17.(2012年杭州卷)You look worried! Is all right?
A. everythingB. something
C. anythingD. nothing
18.(2012年武漢卷)When the Greens moved into the house last week, was at sixes and sevens, so they did a big cleaning.
A. somethingB. everything
C. anythingD. nothing
19.(2012年上海卷)I cant connect my computer to the Internet. here must be wrong with it.
A. somethingB. everything
C. anythingD. nothing
20.(2012年岳陽卷)―What else do you need for your trip?
― else. Ive packed everything.
A. SomethingB. Everything
C. Nothing
五、 考查替代詞[WZ]one, it, that, those[WBZ]
one泛指上文提到過的同類人或事物中的一個單數(shù)名詞; it指代上文提到過的單數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞,也指代無法確認(rèn)性別的人,it可以用作形式主語或形式賓語,代替作真正主語或真正賓語的動詞不定式或從句,常見的句式有:It is +[WBX]adj[WBZ].+to do sth. 和find it +[WBX]adj[WBZ].+to do sth.;that 特指上文出現(xiàn)過的單數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞;those指代上文出現(xiàn)過的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,相當(dāng)于the ones。
【中考真題】
21.(2012年白銀卷)Dont you think necessary for friends to trust eachother?
A. oneB. that
C. thoseD. it
22.(2012年河北卷)Could you record the football game for me? I can watch later.
A. itB. one
C. thisD. that
23.(2012年包頭卷)As for learning English, students who read a lot can do much better than who dont.
A. thoseB. that
C. theseD. them
24.(2012年龍東卷) important us to eat a balanced diet.
A. Its; forB. hats; for
C. Its; to
六、考查[WZ]all, both, either, neither, none
both, either和neither皆表示兩者,作主語、賓語和定語,both還可作同位語。both意為“兩者都”,neither意為“兩者都不”,either意為“兩者中任意一個”,它們都可與of構(gòu)成短語。
all和none表示三者或三者以上。all意為“全、都”,表肯定,none意為“一個沒有”,表否定。all作主語、賓語、表語、定語和同位語;none可作主語、賓語和同位語,但不作定語。all作主語時,指人看作復(fù)數(shù),指物看作單數(shù);none作主語時,看作單復(fù)數(shù)皆可;all和none都可與of構(gòu)成短語;all和both與not連用表示部分否定。
【中考真題】
2.(2012年咸寧卷)―Do you like talking with your friends on the telephone or mobile phone?
―. I enjoy chatting online.
A. NeitherB. Either
C. BothD. None
26.(2012年隨州卷)―Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a bottle of milk?
―, thanks. Id like just a cup of tea.
A. EitherB. Neither
C. BothD. None
27.(2012年襄陽卷)―Did Liu Ying and Liu Li come to your birthday party, Gina?
―I had invited them, but of them showed up.
A. bothB. all
C. noneD. neither
28.(2012年紹興卷)I have lived in New York and London but I dont like city. I like Sydney.
A. anotherB. either
C. neitherD. any
29.(2012年樂山卷)If you cant decide which of the two books to borrow, why dont you take ? I wont read them this week.
A. allB. eitherC. both
30.(2012年天津卷)hey were all very tired, but of them took a rest.
A. noneB. all
C. bothD. either
31.(2012年大連卷)Lingling and Betty are great. of them have been chosen to enter the maths competition.
A. NoneB. Neither
C. AllD. Both
七、考查不定代詞some, any
some(一些), any(一些、任何)既可以修飾可數(shù)名詞也可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞。一般來說some 用于肯定句中,any 用于否定句或疑問句中。但 some 也可用于疑問句中,表示一種客氣的請求或希望得到對方肯定的答復(fù)。
【中考真題】
32.(2012年黃石卷) Let me tell you news about cellphones(手機)―Apple asks Samsung to stop copying, and hundreds of people lined up to buy iPhone 4S.
A. aB. many
C. someD. few
33.(2012年貴陽卷)Its polite to take flowers as a gift when you go to visit a friend.
A.littleB. anyC. some
[WZ]八、考查other, the other, another, others, the others
other用作代詞,與the連用構(gòu)成“the other”,特指兩個人或物中的“另一個”,常與one搭配構(gòu)成“one the other”句型。
others是other 的復(fù)數(shù)形式,泛指“另外的人或物”,常與some搭配構(gòu)成“some others”句型。
the others特指某范圍內(nèi)的“其他的人或物”。
another作代詞,意為“另一個”;作形容詞,修飾名詞,意為“另一”。another不和復(fù)數(shù)形式連用,但是后面附加two, three等的數(shù)詞或是few時,可與復(fù)數(shù)形式連用。
【中考真題】
34.(2012年濟寧卷)Lily and her sister look the same. I cant tell one from .
A. otherB. another
C. the otherD. others
3.(2012年恩施卷)―Would you like to have cake?
―No, thanks. Im full.
A. moreB. another
C. other
36.(2012年南平卷)―ave you finished your work yet?
―No, not yet. Itll take me ten minutes.
A. otherB. another
C. the other
[WZ]九、考查little和a little;few和a few
a little意為“有一點”,little意為“不多、幾乎沒有”,little和a little用于修飾不可數(shù)名詞,也可替代不可數(shù)名詞,作主語時謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
a few意為“有幾個”, few意為“不多、幾乎沒有”,few和a few用于修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞,也可替代復(fù)數(shù)名詞,作主語時謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
【中考真題】
37.(2012年沈陽卷)We need some more coffee. here is only left.
A. too manyB. too much
C. a littleD. a few
[WZ]十、考查many和much[WBZ]
many和much都表示“多”的概念。many只修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù);much只修飾不可數(shù)名詞。
【中考真題】
38.(2012年溫州卷)My cousins have collected stamps for two years. hey have stamps from different countries.
A. fewB. many
C. muchD. little
39.(2012年南昌卷)Its easy to find a good hotel in our city because we have of them here.
A. noneB. few
C. manyD. each
40.(2012年寧夏卷)e takes little, but gives .
A. fewB. little
C. muchD. many
十一、考查疑問代詞和關(guān)系代詞
疑問代詞對人或物提出疑問,構(gòu)成特殊疑問句,用在特殊疑問句的句首;疑問代詞可用來引導(dǎo)賓語從句,用陳述句語序。初中階段,我們所學(xué)的疑問代詞有who, whom, whose, what和which。
關(guān)系代詞是用來引述前面已經(jīng)提過的名詞或代詞的一類詞,常用來引導(dǎo)定語從句。它主要有who, whom, whose, which, that等。who, whom和whose在定語從句中都用來指人,其中whom在句中作賓語,which 只指物,that 既可指人也可指物。
【中考真題】
41.(2012年濱州卷)― is your father?
―A bank clerk. e works in a bank near my home.
A. WhereB. ow
C. WhatD. Which
42.(2012年棗莊卷)Robert is just one young overseas Chinese has come to visit his ancestors homeland.
A. whoB. where
C. whenD. which
43.(2012年衢州卷)―What are you looking for?
―Im looking for the pen my father gave me last week.
A. whoB. which
C. whoseD. whom
44.(2012年綿陽卷)I can never forget the stories my grandma told me.
A. whatB. who
C. themD. that
4.(2012年隨州卷)―here are so many girls over there. Which one is your sister?
―he one hat is yellow.
A. whoB. whose
C. thatD. which
[K]參考答案
1~ ACDCB6~10 DCCAA
11~1 BBADC16~20 BABAC
21~2 DAAAA26~30 BDBCA
古代漢語代詞者的用法人稱代詞,指示代詞、疑問代詞,無定代詞和輔代詞五種,界限并不明確,彼此有交叉,人稱代詞又分第一、第二和第三人稱,如:吾、余、予、我、朕、爾、汝、若、乃、而、彼和其。
疑問代詞分指人、指物、指處所,如:誰、孰、何、胡和奚。
(來源:文章屋網(wǎng) )
[經(jīng)典試題] 1.―Do you know about David?
―Yes,I know _______ very well.
(2008年武漢中考題)
A. heB. himselfC. himD. his
[試題精析] 分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,橫線部分在句中做動詞know的賓語。通常人稱代詞的賓格形式可以在句中作賓語,因此本題答案為C。
[知識儲備] 人稱代詞的主格在句子中作主語,賓格在句子中作賓語或表語。不同的人稱代詞在一起使用時,一般排列順序為:
單數(shù):you and I;you and he;he and I;you,he,and I (可記為“二、三、一”)
復(fù)數(shù):we and you;we and they;you and they;we,you and they (可記為“一、二、三”)
2. 物主代詞
[經(jīng)典試題] It isn’t _______ watch. I left mine at home.
(2009年北京中考題)
A. my B. me C. I D. myself
[試題精析] 橫線后的名詞提示我們此處要填形容詞性的物主代詞,因此本題選A。
[知識儲備] 人稱代詞分為:
主格 I you he she it we they
賓格 me you him her it us them
物主代詞分為:
形容詞性物主代詞my,your,his,her,its,our,their,它們在句中作定語,后面需跟名詞;名詞性物主代詞 mine,yours,his,hersits,ours,theirs,在句中作主語、賓語或表語。名詞性物主代詞=形容詞性物主代詞+名詞。
3. 反身代詞
[經(jīng)典試題]―What a lovely card! Where did you buy it?
―I made it by _______. (2008年福州中考題)
A. me B. himself C. myself D. itself
[試題精析]根據(jù)句意可知“我自己做了這張可愛的卡片”,因此本題選C。
[知識儲備]反身代詞有:單數(shù)myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself;復(fù)數(shù)ourselves,yourselves,themselves。反身代詞作“自己”解,常用在buy,enjoy,help,hurt,teach,wash,look after等動詞后作賓語,表示動作回到主語本身,即句子的主語和賓語是同一人或物。
4. 疑問代詞
[經(jīng)典試題]There is a red car parking in our neighborhood. Do you know_______ it is?( 2008年重慶中考題)
A. what B. who C. whose D. whom
[試題精析]句意為“有一輛紅色汽車停在附近,你知道它是誰的嗎?”四個選項中只有whose可以對物主代詞或名詞所有格提問,因此本題選C。
[知識儲備]常用的疑問代詞有what,how,when(問時間),where(問地點),whose(問物主),which(問那一個),who(問人),其中what和how可提問的內(nèi)容最為廣泛。疑問代詞一般放在句首,用來構(gòu)成特殊疑問句,或用來引導(dǎo)從句,在句中可作主語、賓語、表語和定語。
5.指示代詞
[經(jīng)典試題]The pears in my basket are smaller than _______ in Jim’s.
(2005年黑龍江中考題)
A. it B. that C. ones D. those
[試題精析]句意為“我籃子里的梨子比吉姆籃子里的梨子小”。橫線上的詞指代前面提到過的pears,因此可以排除選項A和B。ones前通常要加定冠詞the,因此本題選D。
[知識儲備]指示代詞有:this / these;that / those
1. this / these一般用來指時間或空間上較近的人或物;而that / those常指時間或空間上較遠(yuǎn)的人或物。
2. 在打電話時,that常用來詢問對方是“誰”,this則用來介紹自己是“誰”。
6. 不定代詞
常見的不定代詞有:some/ any;each/every;none/ no;all/both;many,much,a lot (of),lots(of),plenty of;a great number of;another/other(s) /the other (s);neither/either;few,a few /little,a little;one (s);nothing,something,everything,somebody等。
[經(jīng)典試題]―Do you like the pop star Zhou Jielun or the movie star Liu Dehua?
―_______. I am not their fan. ( 2007年重慶中考題)
A. BothB. EitherC. NeitherD. All
[試題精析]根據(jù)答語中的I am not their fan可知橫線上的詞表示對兩者的否定,因此本題選C。
[知識儲備] both表示“兩者都”;either表示“兩者當(dāng)中的任何一個”;neither表示“兩者都不”;all表示“三者或三者以上都”。
代詞精練
單項選擇
()1. Mr Zhang teaches _______ English.
A. we B. our C. us D. ourselves
()2. I can’t find my MP3. I have to buy a new _______.
A. it B. one C. few D. any
()3. Tom’s card is much more beautiful than _______.
A. ourB. their C. mine D. her
()4. Would you please buy some salt for me?There is _______ left.
A. little B. a littleC. few D. a few
()5. It snowed heavily this morning,but _______ of us was late for school.
A. bothB. all C. none D. no
()6. If this dictionary is not yours,_______ can it be?
A. what elseB. who elseC. which else’s D. who else’s
()7. The weather in Guangdong is much warmer than _______ in Beijing.
A. itB. that C. this D. one
()8. He found _______ hard to sleep in such a noisy night.
A. thisB. that C. it D. one
()9. Her parents _______ went to Shanghai last Sunday.
A. bothB. all C. neitherD. either
()10. I learned English all by_______.
人稱代詞有主格和賓格之分。主格在句中作主語,賓格在句中作賓語(作動詞和介詞的賓語)或表語。人稱代詞的構(gòu)成形式如下:
【中考真題】1. Everyone in the hall knew me, but I did not know .(2012年綿陽卷)
A. him B. her C. them D. those
2. — Is your brother running in the park?
-No, is swimming in the river. (2012年濟南卷)
A. she B. his C. her D. he
二、考查物主代詞
物主代詞包括形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞。1)形容詞性物主代詞只能用作定語修飾名詞;2)名詞性物主代詞不能與名詞連用,可單獨用作主語、賓語、表語等。名詞性物主代詞=形容詞性物主代詞+名詞。其形式見下表:
【中考真題】3. Would you please lend me English book? isn’t here. (2012年安順卷)
A. your;I B. you;My
C. yours;Mine D. your;Mine
4. This isn’t____ football. Tom, You left at school. (2012年黔東南州卷)
A. you;your B. your;yours
C. yours;your D. your;you
三、考查反身代詞
反身代詞可在句中作賓語、表語、同位語。反身代詞也有單、復(fù)數(shù)之分,要根據(jù)句子的意思判斷是用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。當(dāng)反身代詞用作賓語時,常用于下列搭配中:enjoy oneself, help oneself to..., teach oneself, all by oneself, learn...by oneself 等。
【中考真題】5. I guess Peter and his sister Sally enjoyed
at the dancing party. (2012年孝感卷)
A. myself B. himself C. herself D. themselves
6. -Jack ,who helped make the model ship?
-Nobody! I made it all by . (2012年六盤水卷)
A. your;my B. your;mine
C. you;myself D. you;mine
四、考查不定代詞
不定代詞是最難掌握的一項。考點主要是各自的意義、用法以及形容詞修飾復(fù)合不定代詞的后置情況。不定代詞主要有:some, any, (a) few, (a) little, another, other(s), all, both, either, neither, none以及由some, any, no, every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞。
some與any意為“一些”,都可用來修飾可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式或不可數(shù)名詞。some用于肯定句,any用于疑問句或否定句。注意:在表示請求、建議或盼望得到肯定回答的疑問句中用some。如:Would you like some coffee?
few,a few 修飾或替代可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,如a few people;little,a little修飾或替代不可數(shù)名詞,如a little water。few,little含有否定意義,意為“幾乎沒有……”;a few,a little含有肯定意義,意為“一些……;一點……”。
other意為“別的;其他的”,常用作形容詞,多修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞,如other students(其他學(xué)生);“other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”相當(dāng)于others。others只作代詞,泛指別的人或物,常用于“some...others...”結(jié)構(gòu),意為“一些……,另一些……。”another泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的一個;the other指已知的兩個人或物中的另一個,常用于“one...,the other...”結(jié)構(gòu),意為“一個……,另一個……。”
all表示“三者或三者以上都”,both表示“兩者都”,二者一般用在be動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞之后,行為動詞之前,且二者后面可接of短語。如:All of them agree to stay here./ Both plans are good. (兩架飛機都很好。)either指兩者之中的一個,neither指兩個人或物中一個也不,常構(gòu)成固定搭配either/neither of +名詞(代詞)的復(fù)數(shù)+謂語動詞(第三人稱單數(shù))。如:Neither of the books is good.(兩本書都不好。)復(fù)合不定代詞something,somebody,someone通常用于肯定句中,anything,anybody,anyone通常用于否定句和疑問句中。注意:在表示請求、建議、反問等疑問句中,問話者往往希望得到肯定的答復(fù),這時someone,somebody,something可用在疑問句中。
區(qū)分it,one,that的用法。it一般用來指代前面提到過的那個人或物(同類同物);one表示泛指,指前面提到過的那類人或物中的任何一個,其復(fù)數(shù)形式是ones(同類不同物);that常用于比較結(jié)構(gòu)中,代替前面提到的名詞,以避免重復(fù)。如:The weather today is hotter than that yesterday in Changsha.
【中考真題】7 .There were only two paintings for sale and he bought . (2012年北京卷)
A. all B. any C. both D. some
8. -Which basketball player do you like best, Kobe, James or Jordan? (2012年廣東卷)
- of them. Lin Shuhao is my favorite.
A. All B. None C. Either D. Neither
9. -Would you like to have coffee?
-No, thanks. I don’t want drinks now.(2012年安順卷)
A. any;any B. any;some
C. some;some D. some;any
10. -Is your father or mother a teacher?
. My father is a doctor and my mother is an office worker. (2012年荊州卷)
A. Both B. Either C. Neither D. None
11. When the Greens moved into the house last week,
was at sixes and sevens, so they did a big cleaning.(2012年武漢卷)
A. something B. everything C. anything D. nothing
12. -Will you go to the London Olympic Games with your sister?
-Dad can only afford one ticket, so of us has to stay at home. (2012年宜昌卷)
A. either B. all C. both D. neither
13. -Have you bought for Linda’s birthday?
-Not exactly. Just some flowers. (2012年連云港卷)
A. something unusual B. anything unusual
C. unusual something D. unusual anything
14. -Could we see each other at 9 o’clock tomorrow morning?
-Sorry, let’s make it time. (2012年蘇州卷)
A. other’s B. the other C. another D. other
15.-A latest Yangzhou Daily, please!
-Only one copy left. Would you like to have , sir? (2012年揚州卷)
A. one B. it C. this D. that
16.-Do you need a new dictionary, Susan?
-No, Mum. My uncle bought me yesterday. (2012年菏澤卷)
A. one B. it C. the one D. another
17.-There is milk in the fridge. Please buy some on your way home.
-All right.(2012年宿遷卷)
A. much B. many C. little D. few
一、課堂導(dǎo)入
教師讀句子,讓學(xué)生聽并復(fù)述
1. she is the girl who has blue eyes.
2. I love this English teacher whose eyes are blue.
3. A telephone is an invention which can help people talk to friends, share photos, ideas and feeling freely.
4. I like this person that has 3 story books
5. This is the office where he worked.
6. I don’t know the reason why he came so late.
二、復(fù)習(xí)預(yù)習(xí)
教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生復(fù)習(xí)上節(jié)課所學(xué)的反意疑問句,包括反意疑問句的形式,祈使句的反意疑問句,there be句型的反意疑問句等, (以提問、回顧的形式進行),針對上節(jié)課的作業(yè)進行講評、訂正、答疑,并通過對反意疑問句具體用法的分析和擴展導(dǎo)入本節(jié)課所要學(xué)習(xí)的定語從句。
三、知識講解
知識點1:定語從句的概念和先行詞
1. 【考查點】在復(fù)合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。(而在一個句子中充當(dāng)整個句子的賓語的句子叫做賓語從句)
如:I love this English teacher whose eyes are blue. (定語從句)
我愛眼睛是藍(lán)色的這位英語老師
I don’t know (賓語從句)
我不知道你怎樣才能到達(dá)那個公園。
2. 【考查點】被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。
如:A friend is someone who says, "What! You too? I thought I was the only one!”
A Wechat (微信) is an invention which can help people talk to friends, share photos, ideas and feeling freely.
知識點2:定語的關(guān)系詞~關(guān)系代詞
1.【考查點】既能指物也能指人的關(guān)系代詞 that,whose。
如: ① I like this person that has 3 story books. (先行詞是人person)
②先行詞是物book)
①(先行詞是teacher)
②先行詞是dog)
2、【考查點】只能用來指代人的關(guān)系詞who, whom.
如:Is he the man who wants to see you?
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
3、【考查點】只能指代物的關(guān)系詞which。
如:A prosperity which had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
4、【考查點】關(guān)系詞在句子中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞帧?/p>
如:1、(who/that在從句中作主語)
他就是你想見的人嗎?
2、他就是我昨天見的那個人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)
3、作賓語) which / that在句中(
農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。
4、((只用作定語)
那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。
(注:當(dāng)上題先行詞指物時它還可以同of which互換)
如:Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.
請遞給我那本綠皮的書
知識點3:關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系副詞when, where, why可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。
【考查點】關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用。
如: There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.
任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.
北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?
知識點4:關(guān)系詞的選擇取決于從句中的謂語動詞
1.【考查點】 用關(guān)系代詞,還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞后面無賓語,就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞;而不及物動詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。
如: This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
四、例題精析
【例題1】
【題干】Nearly all the streets are in straight lines, ________ from east to west. Those ________ run from north to south are called avenues.
A. running; that B. run; who C. running; who D. run; that
【答案】A
【解析】: 主語與run(延伸)是主動關(guān)系,所以用現(xiàn)在分詞。Those指街道,所以不用
來引導(dǎo)定語從句。 who而用that
【題干】Is this research center ________ you visited the modern equipment last year?
A. where B. that C. the one that D. the one where
【答案】:D
【解析】:將疑問句改為陳述句:this research center is…顯然缺少先行詞,必須加上代詞the one來作先行詞,又因定語從句不缺主語或賓語,所以用關(guān)系副詞where。假若在this后加the,就選where,請想想這是為什么。
【題 干】
The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point ________ he can walk correctly and safely.
A. when B. where C. which D. whose
【答案】:B
【解析】 因為表示“階段、程度、地步”的the point在定語從句中作地點狀語,所以用語從句。 where引導(dǎo)定
【題干】
—How did you get in touch with the travel agent, Robin?
—Oh, that’s easy. I surfed the Internet and then called one ________ the telephone number is provided
A. which B. in which C. of which D. whose
【答案】:C 【解析】:因為of which引導(dǎo)定語從句,并在從句中作定語。of which the telephone number = whose telephone number。
五、課堂運用
【基礎(chǔ)】
1.The place _______interested me most was the Children's Palace.
A. Which B. where
【答案】A
【解析】:which用作關(guān)系代詞,在定語從句中作主語。C. what D. in which
2.Do you know the man _______?
A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke
【答案】C.
【解析】"和誰講話”要說speak to sb. 本題全句應(yīng)為Do you know the man whom I spoke to.。whom是關(guān)系代詞,作介詞to的賓語,可以省略。
3.This is the hotel _______last month.
A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed
C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed
【答案】
【解析】是關(guān)系副詞,表示地點,在定語從句中作地點狀語。 D. where
4.Do you know the year ______the Chinese Communist Party was founded?
A. which B. that C. when D. on which
【答案】. C.
【解析】
是關(guān)系副詞,表示時間,在定語從句中作時間狀語。 when
【鞏固】
5.That is the day ______I'll never forget.
A. which B. on which C. in which D. when
【答案】A.
【解析】 which是關(guān)系代詞,在從句中作forget的賓語。其他幾個答案都不能作賓語。
6.The factory ______we'll visit next week is not far from here.
A. where B. to which C. which D. in which
【答案】C.
【解析】which是關(guān)系代詞,在從句中作visit的賓語。其他幾個答案都不能作賓語。
7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _______we are working.
A. where B. that C. which D. there
【答案】 A.
【解析】where是關(guān)系副詞,表示地點,在定語從句中作地點狀語。
【拔高】
8.This is one of the best films _______.
A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown
C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked
【答案】A.
【解析】本句話的先行詞應(yīng)該是films,因此,關(guān)系代詞that是負(fù)數(shù)概念,其謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)述的被動語態(tài)have been shown。如果句中的one前面使用了定冠詞the,則the one應(yīng)該視為先行詞。
9.Can you lend me the book ______the other day?
A. about which you talked B. which you talked
C. about that you talked D. that you talked
【答案】A.
【解析】“談到某事物”應(yīng)說talk about sth.。about是介詞,其后要用which作賓語,不能用that。
10.The pen ______he is writing is mine.
A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which
結(jié)構(gòu):一個陳述句+肯定(否定)疑問形式。
語調(diào):有疑而問讀升調(diào),明知故問讀降調(diào)。
規(guī)律:應(yīng)遵循前肯后否,前否后肯規(guī)律。
注:疑問形式中的主語應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)為原主語相應(yīng)的代詞形式,結(jié)構(gòu)及時態(tài)應(yīng)對應(yīng)。
一. 一般情況反義疑問句由be,情態(tài)動詞,助動詞+主語構(gòu)成;
例1. You can’t swim,can you?
例2. He told me it,didn’t he?
例3. You are coming,aren’t you?
例4. She knows you,doesn’t she?
二. 當(dāng)陳述句中有標(biāo)書否定的hardly,seldom,never,little few,scareely,rarely等詞時,反義疑問句應(yīng)為肯定結(jié)構(gòu)。
例5.He seldom smokes,does he?
例6.Their parents hardly wrote their names before liberation ,did they?
三. 帶賓語從句的反義疑問句的主語與陳述句主語一致,而主句為I think,I suppose,I believe時,附加疑問句與從句的主語一致。
例7.I suppose you aren’t serious,are you?
例8.I think he will come in an hour,won’t he?
例9.You think you’re funny,do you?
四. 當(dāng)表示一種推斷,驚訝,憤怒,譏諷等感彩時,反義疑問句不表示反意。
例10.You are late,are you? (表推斷)
例11.So she likes her job,does she? (表驚訝)
五.當(dāng)陳述句為I,謂語動詞am時,反義疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)常為aren’t I .
例12.I am good at playing basketball,aren’t I ?
例13. I am doing very well ni English ,aren’t I ?
六. 當(dāng)陳述部分為There be 結(jié)構(gòu)時,反義疑問句仍用there 作引導(dǎo)詞,而不用it.
例14.There is a pan on the stove,isn’t there ?
例15.There isn’t anyone in the classroom,is there ?
七.當(dāng)陳述部分主語為表示人的no one, everyone, everybody, anyone, anybody,nobody等不定代詞時,其反義疑問句的主語為they或he.當(dāng)陳述部分主語為表示物的something, anything,everything,nothing等不定代詞時,其反義疑問句的主語應(yīng)為it.
例16.Somebody has taken my pen,haven’t they ?
例17.No one knows what to do,do they ?
例18.Something must be done to end the strike,must’t it ?
例19.Everything goes well,does’t it ?
八.當(dāng)陳述部分為each of 結(jié)構(gòu)表示全體時,反義疑問句的主語可以用we ,you或they,表示全體的個體時用be.
例20.Each of the students gave an English book,didn’t they?
例21.Each of us had a try,didn’t we ?
例22.Each of the winners was given a pair of sports shoes,wasn’t he ?
九.當(dāng)陳述部分為肯定祈使句時,其反義疑問句可用will you或won’t you,但當(dāng)陳述部分為否定祈使句時,則反義疑問句只能用will you.
例23.Don’t be late,will you ?
例24.Have a little more coke,will you?
Let型祈使句包括說話,聽話雙方則反義疑問句為shall we,指聽話一方時則用will you.
例25.Let’s go home, shall we ? (雙方)
例26. Let him alone,will you ?(一方)
[關(guān)鍵詞]功能語言學(xué);句子的功能;疑問句
漢語語法學(xué)家一般區(qū)分四種不同的句型:陳述句、疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句。這可稱為句子的語用功能分類。劉月華等根據(jù)交際功能的不同把句子分為五種,即陳述句、疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句、呼應(yīng)句,其中,疑問句提出疑問,它的功能是獲得信息。齊滬揚認(rèn)為疑問句具有疑問語調(diào)。本文以英語功能語言學(xué)為指導(dǎo),根據(jù)疑問句的構(gòu)造特點,指出疑問句可以分為是非問句、特指問句、選擇問句、正反問句。
一、是非問旬
(一)句末帶疑問語氣詞“嗎”的是非問句
這種疑問句是在一個陳述句的末尾加上升調(diào)的疑問語氣詞“嗎”。
(1)他是東北人嗎?
(2)安娜沒給家里打電話嗎?
回答帶“嗎”的是非問句時,可以用“是的”
“對”“對了”“嗯”或“不”“沒有”等表示對問句的肯定或否定。不論問句是肯定句還是否定句,只要答話的人同意問句所表達(dá)的意思,就用“是的”“對了”“嗯”等;如果不同意問句所表達(dá)的意思,就用“不”“沒有”等。例如:
(3)A:小李不去北海劃船嗎?
B:嗯,他不去北海劃船。/不,他去北海劃船。
(4)A:安娜沒給家里打電話嗎?
B:對了,她沒有給家里打電話。/不,她給家里打電話了。
(二)句末帶“好嗎”“行嗎”“成嗎”“對嗎”“可以嗎”等疑問成分的是非問句
這種疑問句是在一個陳述句的末尾加上成嗎、對嗎、好嗎、可以嗎、行嗎等,成、對、好、可以、行表示贊同,升調(diào)的疑問語氣詞嗎表示疑問,二者合在一起,表示征求被問者的贊同,因此這種問句帶有商量、推測的口氣。肯定的回答用成、對、好、可以、行,否定的回答在這些詞前面加不。
(三)句末帶疑問語氣詞“吧”的是非問句
這種疑問句是在一個陳述句的末尾加上降調(diào)的疑問語氣詞“吧”。“吧”表示有一定把握的提問,帶有推測和探詢的口氣,例如:
(1)你星期天能來吧?
(2)現(xiàn)在快十點了吧?
(四)不帶疑問語氣詞。句尾是升調(diào)的疑問句
一個陳述句只要句尾是升調(diào),就可以構(gòu)成疑問句。這種疑問句對語境的依賴性很強,一般包含驚訝,懷疑的成份,例如:
(1)這么大的風(fēng)雪,丟下羊群回家去?不能!
(2)小張沒來?
二、特指問旬
特指問是指說話人就某一方面提出問題,要求聽話人作出回答。句中一定有疑問代詞,特指問句中常用的疑問代詞是“誰”“哪一個”“什么”“哪里”“哪兒”“怎樣”“怎么樣”“怎么”等,疑問代詞問什么,聽話人就答什么。
(一)一般特指問句
一般特指問句是用疑問代詞提問的疑問句。這種問句的詞序與陳述句一樣,提問句子的哪一個成分,就把疑問代詞放在那個成分的位置上。特指問句不能做簡單的肯定或否定回答,一般得具體回答。如:
(1)誰是你們的體育老師?
(2)他們病怎么樣了?
(3)他在哪兒?
(4)瑪麗是哪個班哪個學(xué)生?
(5)他什么時候回國?
(6)這個句子怎么分析?
(7)她學(xué)得怎么樣?
(8)他們工廠有多少人?
(9)考試以前,你們準(zhǔn)備復(fù)習(xí)幾天?
(10)那條公路的多長?
(二)用語氣助詞的特指問句
劉月華只提出了用語氣助詞“呢”的特指問句。他認(rèn)為在一個詞,短語或句子后面用上語氣助詞“呢”就可以構(gòu)成這種疑問句。作為始發(fā)句,“呢”用在名詞、代詞名詞短語之后是問外所的,既“……在哪兒?”的意思。例如:
(1)他人呢?
如果有上下文,可根據(jù)上下文判斷疑問所在例如:
(2)窗戶已經(jīng)擦干凈了,地板呢?
(地板擦干凈了沒有?)
如果“呢”用在一個陳述句之后意思是“如果……,那么應(yīng)該怎么辦(做什么)?”例如:
(3)他不同意呢?(如果他不同意,那么我該怎么辦呢?)
齊滬揚認(rèn)為特指問如果用語氣詞,只能用“呢”和“啊”,不能用“嗎”和“啊”,不能用“嗎”和“吧”,因為疑問代詞已表示疑問。如:
(1)他們在哪兒干什么呢?
(2)他們在哪兒干什么啊?
(3)他們在哪兒干什么呀?
(4)他們在哪兒干什么嗎?
(5)他們在哪兒干什么吧?
根據(jù)齊滬揚的觀點,有的句子在形式上是特指問句,實際上是一種反問句,用疑問句的形式來表達(dá)肯定的或否定的陳述,并不要求回答。這種句子的疑問代詞是表示不定指或任指的,要把這種句子和真正的特指問句區(qū)分開來。如:
(1)什么地方不能隨便睡一夜呢?(哪個地方都可以睡一夜)
(2)這樣的蠢事誰肯干?(這樣的蠢事沒人肯干)
三、選擇問句
選擇問是問話人提出兩種以上的看法,希望聽話人選擇一種回答。這種疑問句是把要選擇的兩種或幾種可能用“是……還是”或“還是……還是”連接起來,要求答話的人選擇其中之一作為答案。注意兩點:第一,一切疑問句的句末都要用問號;第二,選擇問句如果用語氣詞,只能用“呢”,不能用“嗎”。
(1)你將來是去北京工作還是去上海工作。
(2)你吃米飯還是吃面條?
(3)今天是星期六,還是星期天?
(4)今天是星期六,還是星期天嗎?
四、正反問句
正反問句用肯定和否定相疊的方式來提問,要求做出肯定或否定的回答。基本格式是“×不×”。肯定否定并用是一種疑問方式,句末不再用“嗎”,可用“呢”、“啊”語氣助詞。齊滬揚和劉月華都將正反問句分為三類,即一般正反問句,“是不是”正反問句和用“好不好”,“成不成”,“行不行”,“對不對”構(gòu)成的正反問句。
(1)一般正反問句。這種疑問句主要是由謂語的肯定形式和否定形式并列起來構(gòu)成的,要回答的人選擇其中一個作為回答。如:
①香山的楓葉紅了沒有?
②這件衣服你中意不中意?
③能不能幫我一下忙?
這個格式須注意“×不×”的變化形式。“×不×”其實代表了六種變化的形式。
A“×……不×……”你知道這件事不知道這件事?
B“×不×……”你知道不知道這件事?
c“×……不×”你知道這件事不知道?
D“×……不”你知道這件事不?
E“×不”你知道不?
F“×不×”他路得快不快?
(2)用“是不是”的正反問句。如果提問的人對某一事實或情況已有比較肯定地估計,為了進一步得到證實,就可以用這種疑問句提問。如:
①大家是不是分頭找人?
②你到底是不是醫(yī)生?(你到底是醫(yī)生不是?)
“是不是”的位置有固定和移動的水同,可以用在一個陳述句的謂語前,也可以用在句首或句尾。如:
③是不是他昨天來過?
④他是不是昨天來過?
⑤他昨天是不是來過?
⑥他昨天來過,是不是?
(3)用“好不好”“成不成”“行不行”“對不對”構(gòu)成的正反問句。“好不好”“成不成”“行不行”“對不對”只能放句尾,不能放句首或謂語前。如:
①我們班和他們班明天下午舉行拔河比賽好不好?
②我們班和他們班明天下午好不好舉行拔河比賽?
五、反問旬
齊滬揚(2006)認(rèn)為一般的疑問句都是“有疑而問”,在表達(dá)上都有疑問中心。但反問句是一種“無疑而問”的問句,所謂“無疑”,就是齊頭并進反問句實際上沒有真正的疑問點,不要求對方做出回答,在表達(dá)上有一種強調(diào)的口氣。然而,因為反問句在形式上仍以疑問句的形式出現(xiàn),所以從語法角度來看,反問句也是一種疑問句。
反問句是從反面發(fā)問的,因此句子在字面上是肯定的,意思是否定的;字面上是否定的,意思是肯定的。選擇問句用作反問句時,字面上包括正反兩面,其實說話人的意思是肯定一面,否定一面。至于肯定哪一面,否定哪一面,必須依靠上下文才能確定,反問句的后面一般用問號,少數(shù)情況下問號與感嘆號連用。例如:
(1)還想進去看電影,你有票嗎?
(2)這么簡單的道理,你不懂嗎?
從形式上看,上述二例都屬于是非問,從表達(dá)口氣看,第一例是肯定形式的是非問,表達(dá)的是否定的口氣(你沒有票),第二例則相反,表達(dá)的是肯定的口氣(你應(yīng)該懂)。又如:
(1)誰笑你了?
(2)這檢疫站的好事為什么不做?
例(1)在形式上是肯定形式的特指問,表達(dá)否定的口氣(沒有人笑你),例(2)在形式上是否定形式的特指問,表達(dá)肯定的口氣,(你應(yīng)該去做)。下面幾例是選擇問形式的反問句,表達(dá)的口氣可以根據(jù)上下文的確定:
(1)你是來學(xué)習(xí)的,還是來玩的?(肯定前一分句:應(yīng)該來學(xué)習(xí)的)
(2)你還是說他呢,還是說我?(肯定后一分句:是說我)(同上)
齊滬揚沒有對反問句進行分類,而是從形式和語氣的角度觀察反問句的特點。劉月華從形式的角度對反問句進行了分類,包括是非形式的反問句,特指問形式的反問句,正反問形式的反問句,選擇問形式的反問句。此種分類很是繁瑣。因為很多是非問,特指問在特定的語境下都可能變成反問句。筆者認(rèn)為劉月華從形式上對反問句進行分類過于繁瑣,只探討了一些專屬于反問句的結(jié)構(gòu)特征。
一、從詞法入手
1. 冠詞考查分兩個方面,一是冠詞主語殘缺或多余,考生要注意關(guān)于含有冠詞(不含冠詞)的用法以及加冠詞與不加冠詞的區(qū)別,如:in front of與in the front of, in hospital與in the hospital的區(qū)別。二是冠詞the, a, an (不定冠詞和定冠詞)之間的相互誤用。
2. 名詞主要考查單數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)名詞,這主要是受東西方文化差異的影響,英語中除了不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)名詞用單數(shù)外,可數(shù)名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
3. 代詞主要有人稱代詞、物主代詞、關(guān)系代詞、反身代詞、疑問代詞、復(fù)合疑問代詞、指示代詞,要注意代詞的各人稱之間和單復(fù)數(shù)之間的誤用,關(guān)系代詞which, that之間的誤用,關(guān)系代詞that與疑問代詞what之間的誤用,關(guān)系代詞which與關(guān)系副詞when, where以及what與how的誤用等。
4. 動詞是短文改錯的重點和難點,因為它涉及到動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)誤用,非謂語動詞的誤用(主要是現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞之間的誤用,動詞不定式符號to的添加,動詞原形變成動名詞或現(xiàn)在分詞的形式等),動詞的動作、結(jié)果與狀態(tài)之間的誤用(例如:listen與hear;look與see;watch與notice等),以及動詞的錯用。
5. 形容詞與副詞主要涉及它們之間的相互誤用和它們的比較等級的誤用,另外考生應(yīng)該注意形容詞與名詞或代詞的位置關(guān)系,副詞與動詞的位置關(guān)系,以及形容詞與副詞的位置關(guān)系。
6. 連詞主要有兩類,即并列連詞和從屬連詞,考查點主要是并列連詞(分遞進式、轉(zhuǎn)折式、選擇式和因果式四種)之間的誤用(主要是but與so/and之間的誤用),從屬連詞之間的誤用以及并列連詞與從屬連詞之間的誤用等。
7. 介詞主要涉及到相關(guān)介詞的誤用。例如:John went to school through a bridge three times a day. 應(yīng)將through改為across。
二、從句法入手
A. 一致性問題
1. 主謂一致。如:
What are your favourite sport?
[分析] are改為is。這是對疑問句主謂一致的考查。
Play football not only makes us grow up tall…
[分析] Play改為Playing。動詞原形加-ing構(gòu)成動名詞形式,與謂語動詞makes一致。
2. 時態(tài)一致。如:
It was very kind of them to meet me at the railway station and drove me to their home.
[分析] drove改為drive。連詞and連接的是兩個并列的動作meet和drive。
They offered me coffee and other drinks. We have a good time talking and laughing.
[分析] have改為had。記述過去發(fā)生的事情,用的都是過去時。
Hello, I learn about you from my English teacher.
[分析] learn改為learned。從教師那兒知道,是過去發(fā)生的行為,故須用過去時。
My favourite sport is football. I was a member of our school football team.
[分析] was改為am。描述現(xiàn)在的情況,用的是一般現(xiàn)在時。此句也應(yīng)改為一般現(xiàn)在時。
3. 名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)一致及名詞與冠詞搭配。如:
He sat down and asked me lots of question.
[分析] question改為questions。question為可數(shù)名詞,用在lots of后面,應(yīng)加-s。
We study quite a few subject, such as maths...
[分析] subject改為subjects。a few后面應(yīng)跟可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。
He likes playing football and often watches football match on TV.
[分析] match改為matches。經(jīng)常觀看足球賽,足球賽應(yīng)為復(fù)數(shù)形式。
She said that she and my schoolmate all wished me success.
[分析] schoolmate改為schoolmates。此處“同學(xué)”為復(fù)數(shù)概念,應(yīng)加上-s。
As everyone knows, it’s famous mountain with all kinds of plants and animals.
[分析] 在famous mountain前加a。
4. 代詞的性、數(shù)一致 。如:
The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home .
[分析] his改為their。主語The Smiths用以指代一家人或夫婦倆,后面的代詞應(yīng)該用their。
5. 語意一致。如:
She was smiling but nodding at me.
[分析] but改為and。微笑和點頭在語意上是并列的關(guān)系。
B. 詞義的重疊。如:
Today I visited the Smiths――my first time visit to…
[分析] 這一題是考查英漢不同的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。漢語的“第一次訪問”,英語說my first visit即可,time是多余的。
First, let me tell you something more about myself.
[分析] 作者在這里是第一次向?qū)Ψ浇榻B自己的情況,不存在更多,故應(yīng)刪去more一詞。
Whenever I see them, I often think of my English teacher.
[分析] 此題易受漢語的影響,造成語意上的重疊。“每當(dāng)我看見它們,我總會想起我的英語教師。”但英語中whenever之后一般不用often。
C. 邏輯關(guān)系及習(xí)慣用法。如:
I live in Beijing, where is the capital of China.
[分析] where 改為which。考查定語從句中關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的用法。此處where應(yīng)改為which, 因為它在定語從句中作主語。
I’d like to your pen friend.
[分析] 在I’d like to 后加be或become。
It was very kind for them to meet me at the railway station.
[分析] 將本句中for改為of。
[例1]
Mary was reading the newspaper. The newspaper say,
“Write a story about what your Mom is the best Mom.
A ten best stories will win a nice present for Mom.
Sending your stories to this newspaper.” Mary
wrote to her Mom, “My Mom loves us. She listens to
our problems. She helps us feel better when we are
sad. Even though she works, she spends times with
Tom, Mike and I each night. She reads to us and
help us with our homework. She is teaching us to be
kindly and to work hard.” Do you think Mom won?
[答案與分析]
1. 該行從事態(tài)角度去考慮。首先,newspaper是第三人數(shù)單數(shù),謂語動詞say不應(yīng)該是原形;其次,這篇短文以陳述一件事為主,這句應(yīng)該用一般過去時態(tài),故應(yīng)將原形動詞say改為過去式said。
2. 該行從詞語搭配角度去考慮,應(yīng)將what改為why。這句話的意思是“為什么你媽媽是最好的媽媽”,故what放在這兒是解釋不通的。
3. 該行從冠詞用法去考慮。“十篇最好的故事”應(yīng)該是特指,應(yīng)把A改為定冠詞The。
4. 該行從句子結(jié)構(gòu)角度去考慮。祈使句用動詞原形。Sending改為Send。
5. 該行從上下文角度去考慮。write to somebody是寫給某人,而這句的意思是寫有關(guān)媽媽的事情。to改為about。
6. 該行沒有錯誤。
7. 該行從詞義角度去考慮。time作“時間”解時,是不可數(shù)名詞,這句的意思就是媽媽每晚都和孩子們共度時光。time去掉-s。
8. 該行屬人稱代詞錯用。with是介詞,應(yīng)該用人稱代詞賓格來充當(dāng)介詞賓語。I改為me。