時間：2023-05-30 09:59:01
開篇：寫作不僅是一種記錄，更是一種創造，它讓我們能夠捕捉那些稍縱即逝的靈感，將它們永久地定格在紙上。下面是小編精心整理的12篇英文導游詞，希望這些內容能成為您創作過程中的良師益友，陪伴您不斷探索和進步。
Hua Shan is the highest of China”s five sacred mountains. It is 120 kilometers east of Xian. It has five peaks that resemble the petals of a flower. The highest peak is 2180 meters (7085 feet)。
We had had discussions about going to Hua Shan with some graduate students from Computer Science. That didn”t work out due to changes in schedules on both sides. Also, they were planning to do the climb at night to be able to reach the peak at sunrise. That did not appeal to us. We wanted to spend a night on the mountain. Fran”s department arranged a trip for us, making reservations at the simple hotel on the North Peak. They sent two graduate students to accompany us, though they had not been to Hua Shan before. We met them at 8:00 on Saturday morning and took a taxi to the train station. There we asked around and located a mini-bus. The bus made a couple of stops. One was to see a presentation about the traditional medicines grown on the mountain and a chance to buy some of them. It probably would have been interesting if we understood Chinese. Our guides gave us the general outline about what was said. The other stop was a quick lunch stop.
There are two approaches to Hua Shan. [Chinese proverb: “There is one road and only one road to Hua Shan,” meaning that sometimes the hard way is the only way.] The west entrance involves 10 kilometers of walking on a road before you start climbing. We went with the east entrance, where the bus brings you to the base of a cable car that goes up to the 1500 meter North Peak. Our plan was to walk up to the North Peak, then climb to the four other peaks the next day and take the cable car down.
We started the climb in the early afternoon. The path consists of stone steps with rough chain link handrails in the narrowest areas (we wore our bicycling gloves for hand protection)。 Physically, it is more like climbing the steps of a skyscraper than trails at home. However, the temperature was about 95 degrees and there was not much shade. We brought lots of water, including some bottles that we froze and some Gatorade that we got at the fancy department store in downtown Xian. There are plenty of refreshment stands along the way where you can buy bottled water, the Chinese equivalent of Gatorade, and other drinks or snacks at a premium price.
We reached the North Peak before 4:00 PM and rested at the hotel. Our room was basic, but comfortable and clean enough. Because water is scarce on the mountain, there were neither showers nor sinks available for washing. In that sense the experience felt like camping, but we were sleeping in a big tent!
After dinner at the hotel restaurant, we spent some time talking with our guides. We were a bit surprised to find that they both think of Japan negatively, but like the U.S. It seems that Japan”s WWII behavior in China has not been forgotten, and is emphasized in school.
We saw a beautiful sunset and watched the sky become resplendent with thousands of stars, including the Milky Way galaxy. This was the clearest sky that we have seen in China. The fresh air at Hua Shan is a treat!
Our guides had both been planning to get up at 4:00 AM to watch the sunrise. Fran and I made sleep a priority. We did happen to wake up a bit before sunrise (our room faced east) and went outside to watch the sky become rosy. Ironically, our guides missed the sunrise because they had stayed up late watching the European soccer championships on the television in their room
The plan for the day was to climb the other four peaks, but we reserved the right to shorten the route. The first part was a steep climb to Middle Peak. After the low North Peak, all the others are at roughly 2000 meters. There were crowds on the way to Middle Peak C mostly Chinese hikers but we did see a few other wai guo (foreigners) as well.
We visited two Taoist temples en route to Middle Peak. Each one had an altar with incense and offerings of fruit. The friendly monks invited us to say a prayer or to send blessings to loved ones. Fran accepted their invitation. At the first temple, she lit incense sticks and knelt on a cushion in front of the altar saying a silent prayer for our safe journey to the various summits of Hua Shan (the prayer was answered)。 At the second temple, she knelt on a cushion in front of the altar and sent silent blessings to several friends who are experiencing challenging situations in their lives at present. After each blessing, she leaned forward and the monk struck a drum.
After Middle Peak, the crowds got much thinner. The next was East Peak, which had a steep ladder climbing rock. Fran was dubious about this ascent, but realized that the ladder wasn”t so bad and went for it. That was a good decision because we were then able to do a loop and the trails got almost empty at this point. After skirting the top of a cliff with a steep dropoff on both sides, we had a pleasant walk to South Peak and West Peak. There was even a small amount of dirt trail! The summit of South Peak was the highest point on Hua Shan, so of course we asked another hiker to take a photo of our guides and us. The views from the tops of each peak were beautiful. Hua Shan and the surrounding mountains are very rugged and remind us somewhat of hiking in the southwestern United States or the Sierras.
We took a route that eventually brought us to the main line returning down from Middle to North Peak. We were happy to have ascended each of the five peaks (petals) of Flower Mountain.
長城英文導游詞
The Great Wall
The Great Wall, like the Pyramids of Egypt, the Taj Mahal(1) in India and the Hanging Garden of Babylon(2), is one of the great wonders of the world. Starting out in the east on the banks of the Yalu River in Liaoning Province, the Wall stretches westwards for 12,700 kilometers to Jiayuguan in the Gobi desert, thus known as the Ten Thousand Li Wall in China. The Wall climbs up and down, twists and turns along the ridges of the Yanshan and Yinshan Mountain Chains through five provinces-Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Gansu--and two autonomous regions--Ningxia and Inner Mongolia, binding the northern China together.
Historical records trace the construction of the origin of the Wall to defensive fortification back to the year 656 B.C. during the reign of King Cheng of the States of Chu. Its construction continued throughout the Warring States period in the fifth Century B.C. when ducal states Yan, Zhao, Wei, and Qin were frequently plundered by the nomadic peoples living north of the Yinshan and Yanshan mountain ranges. Walls, then, were built separately by these ducal states to ward off such harassments. Later in 221 B.C., when Qin conquered the other states and unified China, Emperor Qinshihuang ordered the connection of these individual walls and further extensions to form the basis of the present great wall. As a matter of fact, a separate outer wall was constructed north of the Yinshan range in the Han Dynasty(206 BC--1644 BC.), which went to ruin through years of neglect. In the many intervening centuries, succeeding dynasties rebuilt parts of the Wall. The most extensive reinforcements and renovations were carried out in the Ming Dynasty (1368--1644) when altogether 18 lengthy stretches were reinforced with bricks and rocks. it is mostly the Ming Dynasty Wall that visitors see today. The Great Wall is divided into two sections, the east and west, with Shanxi Province as the dividing line. The west part is a rammed earth construction, about 5.3 meters high on average. In the eastern part, the core of the Wall is rammed earth as well, but the outer shell is reinforced with bricks and rocks. The most imposing and best preserved sections of the Great Wall are at Badaling and Mutianyu, not far from Beijing and both are open to visitors. The Wall of those sections is 7.8 meters high and 6.5 meters wide at its base, narrowing to 5.8 meters on the ramparts, wide enough for five horses to gallop abreast. There are ramparts, embrasures, peep-holes and apertures for archers on the top, besides gutters with gargoyles to drain rain-water off the parapet walk. Two-storied watch-towers are built at approximately 400-meters internals. The top stories of the watch-tower were designed for observing enemy movements, while the first was used for storing grain, fodder, military equipment and gunpowder as well as for quartering garrison soldiers. The highest watch-tower at Badaling standing on a hill-top, is reached only after a steep climb, like climbing a ladder to heaven. The view from the top is rewarding, hoverer. The Wall follows the contour of mountains that rise one behind the other until they finally fade and merge with distant haze. A signal system formerly existed that served to communicate military information to the dynastic capital. This consisted of beacon towers on the Wall itself and on mountain tops within sight of the Wall. At the approach of enemy troops, smoke signals gave the alarm from the beacon towers in the daytime and bonfire did this at night.
Emergency signals could be relayed to the capital from distant places within a few hour long before the invention of anything like modern communications. There stand 14 major passes (Guan, in Chinese) at places of strategic importance along the Great Wall, the most important being Shanghaiguan and Jiayuguan. Yet the most impressive one is Juyongguan, about 50 kilometers northwest of Beijing. Known as Tian Xia Di YI Guan (The First Pass Under Heaven), Shanghaiguan Pass is situated between two sheer cliffs forming a neck connecting north China with the northeast. It had been, therefore, a key junction contested by all strategists and many famous battles were fought here. It was the gate of Shanghaiguan that the Ming general Wu Sangui opened to the Manchu army to suppress the peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng and so surrendered the whole Ming empire to the Manchus, leading to the foundation of the Qing Dynasty. (1644-1911) Jiayuguan Pass was not so much as the Strategic pass Under the Heaven as an important communication center in Chinese history. Cleft between the snow-capped Qilian Mountains and the rolling Mazong Mountains, it was on the ancient Silk Road. Zhang Qian, the first envoy of Emperor Wu Di of the Western Han dynasty (206 B.C-24 A.D), crossed it on his journey to the western regions. Later, silk flowed to the west through this pass too. The gate-tower of Jiayuguan is an attractive building of excellent workmanship. It has an inner city and an outer city, the former square in shape and surrounded by a wall 11.7 meters high and 730 meters in circumference. It has two gates, an eastern one and a western one. On each gate sits a tower facing each other. the four corners of the wall are occupied by four watch towers, one for each. Juyongguan, a gateway to ancient Beijing from Inner Mongolia, was built in a 15-kilometer long ravine flanked by mountains. The cavalrymen of Genghis Khan swept through it in the 13th century. At the center of the pass is a white marble platform named the Cloud terrace, which was called the Crossing-Street Dagoba, since its narrow arch spanned the main street of the pass and on the top of the terrace there used to be three stone dagobas, built in the Yuan Daynasty(1206-1368). At the bottom of the terrace is a half-octagonal arch gateway, interesting for its wealth of detail: it is decorated with splendid images of Buddha and four celestial guardians carved on the walls. The vividness of their expressions is matched by the exquisite workmanship. such grandiose relics works, with several stones pieced together, are rarely seen in ancient Chinese carving. The gate jambs bear a multi-lingual Buddhist sutra, carved some 600 years ago in Sanskrit(3), Tibetan, Mongolian, Uigur(4), Han Chinese and the language of Western Xia. Undoubtedly, they are valuable to the study of Buddhism and ancient languages. As a cultural heritage, the Wall belongs not only to China but to the world. The Venice charter says: Historical and cultural architecture not only includes the individual architectural works, but also the urban or rural environment that witnessed certain civilizations, significant social developments or historical events. The Great Wall is the largest of such historical and cultural architecture, and that is why it continues to be so attractive to people all over the world. In 1987, the Wall was listed by UNESCO as a world cultural heritage site.
Notes:1. the Taj Mahal in India 印度的泰姬陵2. the Hanging Garden of Babylon 巴比倫的空中花園3. Sanskrit 梵語4. Uigur 維吾爾語
There stand 14 major passes (Guan, in Chinese) at places of strategic importance along the Great Wall, the most important being Shanghaiguan and Jiayuguan. Yet the most impressive one is Juyongguan, about 50 kilometers northwest of Beijing.
Known as Tian Xia Di YI Guan (The First Pass Under Heaven), Shanghaiguan Pass is situated between two sheer cliffs forming a neck connecting north China with the northeast. It had been, therefore, a key junction contested by all strategists and many famous battles were fought here. It was the gate of Shanghaiguan that the Ming general Wu Sangui opened to the Manchu army to suppress the peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng and so surrendered the whole Ming empire to theManchus, leading to the foundation of the Qing Dynasty. (1644-1911)
Jiayuguan Pass was not so much as the Strategic pass Under the Heaven as an important communication center in Chinese history. Cleft between the snow-capped Qilian Mountains and the rolling Mazong Mountains, it was on the ancient Silk Road. Zhang Qian, the first envoy of Emperor Wu Di of the Western Han dynasty (206 B.C-24 A.D), crossed it on his journey to the western regions. Later, silk flowed to the west through this pass too. The gate-tower of Jiayuguan is an attractive building of excellent workmanship. It has an inner city and an outer city, the former square in shape and surrounded by a wall 11.7 meters high and 730 meters in circumference. It has two gates, an eastern one and a western one. On each gate sits a tower facing each other. the four corners of the wall are occupied by four watch towers, one for each.
when the authorities opened the 1,300 year old riverine settlement of wuzhen to visitors in early XX, they were determined to avoid the tacky mix of tourist restaurants and kitsch souvenir shops that has swamped other estuary towns such as zhouzhuang (which also lies in the yangtze river delta). wuzhen's old buildings, an architectural symphony of stone, wood and tiles, have been preserved rather than restored, and lovingly maintained rather than tarted up. the result is a place that is a sheer joy to explore on foot.
wuzhen is still a living town, where daily life goes on life goes on as it has for the last thousand or so years. coppersmiths, wood-carver and silk-spinners work at their age-old crafts. bicycle rickshaw drivers exchange stories as they wait for passengers. people cart water, cook meals, and tend their gardens, each flower-plot the size of a postage stamp.
the townsfolk of wuzhen gather in the town square around mid-day - talking, smoking or playing mah-jongg. they seem laidback and contented. most of all, they seem to enjoy observing the passing parade, which provides a constant source of amusement. i started to wonder whether it was the town or the strange foreign visitors like myself that was the main attraction. western visitors are still a rarity here.
wuzhen lies in the far north-east of zhejiang province, about 90 minutes by road from shanghai. the name "water town" is especially apt; besides lying on the grand canal, the settlement is completely encircled by two rivers - the dong shi and a smaller tributary, which meet at a t-junction. no matter where you stand, water provides the backdrop, the raison d'être of the whole town.
about 250 families used to live in the old quarter of wuzhen. however, following the "restoration" of the town, many townsfolk have been moved out to the "new" wuzhen, an attractively landscaped but otherwise characterless apartment block 15 km down the road towards shanghai. those who remain are mainly the elderly and craftspeople. while i was assured that there is nothing to stop new residents moving into the old town, young people nowadays seem strangely absent.
the old wooden shops of wuzhen look ageless and immovable, as though their timbers have totally defied the ravages of time. at first, one suspects that the custodians of the town have tried to cover up the decomposing processes of nature. but look more closely and you find slow rot setting in around the bases of the doorframes, and splinters breaking away from the lintels. what little restoration has been done is so inconspicuous as to be totally indistinguishable from the original.
all the buildings in wuzhen are in ming or qing dynasty style. one palatial establishment is the "double happiness" marriage shrine. twin hearts are joined in a nouveau-chinese character in gilt upon a flaming crimson background, presumably depicting the inseparability of marriage - perhaps the chinese know something that we westerners don't.
wuzhen also has some unique attractions, including yu liuliang's coin and paper money exhibition. nearby (would you believe) stands a pawnshop museum, as if to prove that usury is universal. (maybe fortunately, wuzhen has the only such establishment i've ever come across). i tried looking for a qing dynasty dvd player in the pawnshop, but was sadly disappointed.
no fewer than eight stone bridges cross the dong shi river, the grandest of them being the fengyuan double bridge. the bridge is separated into two parts by a wooden sluice gate. cyclists carry their bikes across the high arches of the bridges, which are designed to let boats pass underneath without difficulty.
we had had discussions about going to hua shan with some graduate students from computer science. that didn’t work out due to changes in schedules on both sides. also, they were planning to do the climb at night to be able to reach the peak at sunrise. that did not appeal to us. we wanted to spend a night on the mountain. fran’s department arranged a trip for us, making reservations at the simple hotel on the north peak. they sent two graduate students to accompany us, though they had not been to hua shan before. we met them at 8:00 on saturday morning and took a taxi to the train station. there we asked around and located a mini-bus. the bus made a couple of stops. one was to see a presentation about the traditional medicines grown on the mountain and a chance to buy some of them. it probably would have been interesting if we understood chinese. our guides gave us the general outline about what was said. the other stop was a quick lunch stop.
there are two approaches to hua shan. [chinese proverb: “there is one road and only one road to hua shan,” meaning that sometimes the hard way is the only way.] the west entrance involves 10 kilometers of walking on a road before you start climbing. we went with the east entrance, where the bus brings you to the base of a cable car that goes up to the 1500 meter north peak. our plan was to walk up to the north peak, then climb to the four other peaks the next day and take the cable car down.
we started the climb in the early afternoon. the path consists of stone steps with rough chain link handrails in the narrowest areas (we wore our bicycling gloves for hand protection). physically, it is more like climbing the steps of a skyscraper than trails at home. however, the temperature was about 95 degrees and there was not much shade. we brought lots of water, including some bottles that we froze and some gatorade that we got at the fancy department store in downtown xian. there are plenty of refreshment stands along the way where you can buy bottled water, the chinese equivalent of gatorade, and other drinks or snacks at a premium price.
we reached the north peak before 4:00 pm and rested at the hotel. our room was basic, but comfortable and clean enough. because water is scarce on the mountain, there were neither showers nor sinks available for washing. in that sense the experience felt like camping, but we were sleeping in a big tent!
after dinner at the hotel restaurant, we spent some time talking with our guides. we were a bit surprised to find that they both think of japan negatively, but like the u.s. it seems that japan’s wwii behavior in china has not been forgotten, and is emphasized in school.
we saw a beautiful sunset and watched the sky become resplendent with thousands of stars, including the milky way galaxy. this was the clearest sky that we have seen in china. the fresh air at hua shan is a treat!
our guides had both been planning to get up at 4:00 am to watch the sunrise. fran and i made sleep a priority. we did happen to wake up a bit before sunrise (our room faced east) and went outside to watch the sky become rosy. ironically, our guides missed the sunrise because they had stayed up late watching the european soccer championships on the television in their room
the plan for the day was to climb the other four peaks, but we reserved the right to shorten the route. the first part was a steep climb to middle peak. after the low north peak, all the others are at roughly XX meters. there were crowds on the way to middle peak – mostly chinese hikers but we did see a few other wai guo (foreigners) as well.
we visited two taoist temples en route to middle peak. each one had an altar with incense and offerings of fruit. the friendly monks invited us to say a prayer or to send blessings to loved ones. fran accepted their invitation. at the first temple, she lit incense sticks and knelt on a cushion in front of the altar saying a silent prayer for our safe journey to the various summits of hua shan (the prayer was answered). at the second temple, she knelt on a cushion in front of the altar and sent silent blessings to several friends who are experiencing challenging situations in their lives at present. after each blessing, she leaned forward and the monk struck a drum.
after middle peak, the crowds got much thinner. the next was east peak, which had a steep ladder climbing rock. fran was dubious about this ascent, but realized that the ladder wasn’t so bad and went for it. that was a good decision because we were then able to do a loop and the trails got almost empty at this point. after skirting the top of a cliff with a steep dropoff on both sides, we had a pleasant walk to south peak and west peak. there was even a small amount of dirt trail! the summit of south peak was the highest point on hua shan, so of course we asked another hiker to take a photo of our guides and us. the views from the tops of each peak were beautiful. hua shan and the surrounding mountains are very rugged and remind us somewhat of hiking in the southwestern united states or the sierras.
we took a route that eventually brought us to the main line returning down from middle to north peak. we were happy to have ascended each of the five peaks (petals) of flower mountain.
北京導游詞
TheGreatWall
TheGreatWall,likethePyramidsofEgypt,theTajMahal(1)inIndiaandtheHangingGardenofBabylon(2),isoneofthegreatwondersoftheworld.StartingoutintheeastonthebanksoftheYaluRiverinLiaoningProvince,theWallstretcheswestwardsfor12,700kilometerstoJiayuguanintheGobidesert,thusknownastheTenThousandLiWallinChina.TheWallclimbsupanddown,twistsandturnsalongtheridgesoftheYanshanandYinshanMountainChainsthroughfiveprovinces-Liaoning,Hebei,Shanxi,Shaanxi,andGansu--andtwoautonomousregions--NingxiaandInnerMongolia,bindingthenorthernChinatogether.
HistoricalrecordstracetheconstructionoftheoriginoftheWalltodefensivefortificationbacktotheyear656B.C.duringthereignofKingChengoftheStatesofChu.ItsconstructioncontinuedthroughouttheWarringStatesperiodinthefifthCenturyB.C.whenducalstatesYan,Zhao,Wei,andQinwerefrequentlyplunderedbythenomadicpeopleslivingnorthoftheYinshanandYanshanmountainranges.Walls,then,werebuiltseparatelybytheseducalstatestowardoffsuchharassments.Laterin221B.C.,whenQinconqueredtheotherstatesandunifiedChina,EmperorQinshihuangorderedtheconnectionoftheseindividualwallsandfurtherextensionstoformthebasisofthepresentgreatwall.Asamatteroffact,aseparateouterwallwasconstructednorthoftheYinshanrangeintheHanDynasty(206BC--1644BC.),whichwenttoruinthroughyearsofneglect.Inthemanyinterveningcenturies,succeedingdynastiesrebuiltpartsoftheWall.ThemostextensivereinforcementsandrenovationswerecarriedoutintheMingDynasty(1368--1644)whenaltogether18lengthystretcheswerereinforcedwithbricksandrocks.itismostlytheMingDynastyWallthatvisitorsseetoday.TheGreatWallisdividedintotwosections,theeastandwest,withShanxiProvinceasthedividingline.Thewestpartisarammedearthconstruction,about5.3metershighonaverage.Intheeasternpart,thecoreoftheWallisrammedearthaswell,buttheoutershellisreinforcedwithbricksandrocks.ThemostimposingandbestpreservedsectionsoftheGreatWallareatBadalingandMutianyu,notfarfromBeijingandbothareopentovisitors.TheWallofthosesectionsis7.8metershighand6.5meterswideatitsbase,narrowingto5.8metersontheramparts,wideenoughforfivehorsestogallopabreast.Thereareramparts,embrasures,peep-holesandaperturesforarchersonthetop,besidesgutterswithgargoylestodrainrain-waterofftheparapetwalk.Two-storiedwatch-towersarebuiltatapproximately400-metersinternals.Thetopstoriesofthewatch-towerweredesignedforobservingenemymovements,whilethefirstwasusedforstoringgrain,fodder,militaryequipmentandgunpowderaswellasforquarteringgarrisonsoldiers.Thehighestwatch-toweratBadalingstandingonahill-top,isreachedonlyafterasteepclimb,like"climbingaladdertoheaven".Theviewfromthetopisrewarding,hoverer.TheWallfollowsthecontourofmountainsthatriseonebehindtheotheruntiltheyfinallyfadeandmergewithdistanthaze.Asignalsystemformerlyexistedthatservedtocommunicatemilitaryinformationtothedynasticcapital.ThisconsistedofbeacontowersontheWallitselfandonmountaintopswithinsightoftheWall.Attheapproachofenemytroops,smokesignalsgavethealarmfromthebeacontowersinthedaytimeandbonfiredidthisatnight.
Emergencysignalscouldberelayedtothecapitalfromdistantplaceswithinafewhourlongbeforetheinventionofanythinglikemoderncommunications.Therestand14majorpasses(Guan,inChinese)atplacesofstrategicimportancealongtheGreatWall,themostimportantbeingShanghaiguanandJiayuguan.YetthemostimpressiveoneisJuyongguan,about50kilometersnorthwestofBeijing.Knownas"TianXiaDiYIGuan"(TheFirstPassUnderHeaven),ShanghaiguanPassissituatedbetweentwosheercliffsforminganeckconnectingnorthChinawiththenortheast.Ithadbeen,therefore,akeyjunctioncontestedbyallstrategistsandmanyfamousbattleswerefoughthere.ItwasthegateofShanghaiguanthattheMinggeneralWuSanguiopenedtotheManchuarmytosuppressthepeasantrebellionledbyLiZichengandsosurrenderedthewholeMingempiretotheManchus,leadingtothefoundationoftheQingDynasty.(1644-1911)JiayuguanPasswasnotsomuchasthe"StrategicpassUndertheHeaven"asanimportantcommunicationcenterinChinesehistory.Cleftbetweenthesnow-cappedQilianMountainsandtherollingMazongMountains,itwasontheancientSilkRoad.ZhangQian,thefirstenvoyofEmperorWuDioftheWesternHandynasty(206B.C-24A.D),crosseditonhisjourneytothewesternregions.Later,silkflowedtothewestthroughthispasstoo.Thegate-towerofJiayuguanisanattractivebuildingofexcellentworkmanship.Ithasaninnercityandanoutercity,theformersquareinshapeandsurroundedbyawall11.7metershighand730metersincircumference.Ithastwogates,aneasternoneandawesternone.Oneachgatesitsatowerfacingeachother.thefourcornersofthewallareoccupiedbyfourwatchtowers,oneforeach.Juyongguan,agatewaytoancientBeijingfromInnerMongolia,wasbuiltina15-kilometerlongravineflankedbymountains.ThecavalrymenofGenghisKhansweptthroughitinthe13thcentury.AtthecenterofthepassisawhitemarbleplatformnamedtheCloudterrace,whichwascalledtheCrossing-StreetDagoba,sinceitsnarrowarchspannedthemainstreetofthepassandonthetopoftheterracethereusedtobethreestonedagobas,builtintheYuanDaynasty(1206-1368).Atthebottomoftheterraceisahalf-octagonalarchgateway,interestingforitswealthofdetail:itisdecoratedwithsplendidimagesofBuddhaandfourcelestialguardianscarvedonthewalls.Thevividnessoftheirexpressionsismatchedbytheexquisiteworkmanship.suchgrandioserelicsworks,withseveralstonespiecedtogether,arerarelyseeninancientChinesecarving.Thegatejambsbearamulti-lingualBuddhistsutra,carvedsome600yearsagoinSanskrit(3),Tibetan,Mongolian,Uigur(4),HanChineseandthelanguageofWesternXia.Undoubtedly,theyarevaluabletothestudyofBuddhismandancientlanguages.Asaculturalheritage,theWallbelongsnotonlytoChinabuttotheworld.TheVenicechartersays:"Historicalandculturalarchitecturenotonlyincludestheindividualarchitecturalworks,butalsotheurbanorruralenvironmentthatwitnessedcertaincivilizations,significantsocialdevelopmentsorhistoricalevents."TheGreatWallisthelargestofsuchhistoricalandculturalarchitecture,andthatiswhyitcontinuestobesoattractivetopeopleallovertheworld.In1987,theWallwaslistedbyUNESCOasaworldculturalheritagesite.
Notes:1.theTajMahalinIndia印度的泰姬陵2.theHangingGardenofBabylon巴比倫的空中花園3.Sanskrit梵語4.Uigur維吾爾語
Therestand14majorpasses(Guan,inChinese)atplacesofstrategicimportancealongtheGreatWall,themostimportantbeingShanghaiguanandJiayuguan.YetthemostimpressiveoneisJuyongguan,about50kilometersnorthwestofBeijing.
Knownas"TianXiaDiYIGuan"(TheFirstPassUnderHeaven),ShanghaiguanPassissituatedbetweentwosheercliffsforminganeckconnectingnorthChinawiththenortheast.Ithadbeen,therefore,akeyjunctioncontestedbyallstrategistsandmanyfamousbattleswerefoughthere.ItwasthegateofShanghaiguanthattheMinggeneralWuSanguiopenedtotheManchuarmytosuppressthepeasantrebellionledbyLiZichengandsosurrenderedthewholeMingempiretotheManchus,leadingtothefoundationoftheQingDynasty.(1644-1911)
JiayuguanPasswasnotsomuchasthe"StrategicpassUndertheHeaven"asanimportantcommunicationcenterinChinesehistory.Cleftbetweenthesnow-cappedQilianMountainsandtherollingMazongMountains,itwasontheancientSilkRoad.ZhangQian,thefirstenvoyofEmperorWuDioftheWesternHandynasty(206B.C-24A.D),crosseditonhisjourneytothewesternregions.Later,silkflowedtothewestthroughthispasstoo.Thegate-towerofJiayuguanisanattractivebuildingofexcellentworkmanship.Ithasaninnercityandanoutercity,theformersquareinshapeandsurroundedbyawall11.7metershighand730metersincircumference.Ithastwogates,aneasternoneandawesternone.Oneachgatesitsatowerfacingeachother.thefourcornersofthewallareoccupiedbyfourwatchtowers,oneforeach.
Juyongguan,agatewaytoancientBeijingfromInnerMongolia,wasbuiltina15-kilometerlongravineflankedbymountains.ThecavalrymenofGenghisKhansweptthroughitinthe13thcentury.AtthecenterofthepassisawhitemarbleplatformnamedtheCloudterrace,whichwascalledtheCrossing-StreetDagoba,sinceitsnarrowarchspannedthemainstreetofthepassandonthetopoftheterracethereusedtobethreestonedagobas,builtintheYuanDaynasty(1206-1368).Atthebottomoftheterraceisahalf-octagonalarchgateway,interestingforitswealthofdetail:itisdecoratedwithsplendidimagesofBuddhaandfourcelestialguardianscarvedonthewalls.Thevividnessoftheirexpressionsismatchedbytheexquisiteworkmanship.suchgrandioserelicsworks,withseveralstonespiecedtogether,arerarelyseeninancientChinesecarving.Thegatejambsbearamulti-lingualBuddhistsutra,carvedsome600yearsagoinSanskrit(3),Tibetan,Mongolian,Uigur(4),HanChineseandthelanguageofWesternXia.Undoubtedly,theyarevaluabletothestudyofBuddhismandancientlanguages.
Asaculturalheritage,theWallbelongsnotonlytoChinabuttotheworld.TheVenicechartersays:"Historicalandculturalarchitecturenotonlyincludestheindividualarchitecturalworks,butalsotheurbanorruralenvironmentthatwitnessedcertaincivilizations,significantsocialdevelopmentsorhistoricalevents."TheGreatWallisthelargestofsuchhistoricalandculturalarchitecture,andthatiswhyitcontinuestobesoattractivetopeopleallovertheworld.In1987,theWallwaslistedbyUNESCOasaworldculturalheritagesite.
Today, we will go to visit Hubei Provincial Museum. On the way to the museum, I ‘d like to show a present to express my warmest welcome to you. You may wonder what the present is. Well let me introduce it to you. The music you are going to listen to is the very gift. Now, please enjoy the music.
Have you ever listened to the music? And what musical instrument is used to play the beautiful melody?
That’s the serial bells, a wonder in the world. Indeed a wonder in the world. Every year tourists from all over the world continuously come to visit them and appreciate the programs played by it. Each year they return with unforgetable memory.
The building with red wall and green tiers before us is the very museum, Hubei Provincial Museum. Constructed in 1953, the museum is the center for collecting, studying, preserving and displaying historical and cultural relics in Hubei. More than 700,000 ancient relics are stored up in it. There is a collection of 100,000 books on history, archaeology, art etc. These relics provide precious material data for studying the development of history, culture, art, science and technology in ancient China.
Situated in the middle reach of the Yangtze River, Hubei has a long history and rich land. As early as 2,000,000 years ago, our ancestors lived and worked here and gradually they began to create their own civilization. The relics unearthed from Zenghouyi Tomb are good proofs to the civilization. The relics displayed in the museum are most from the tomb. Serial bells are the most precious and greatest of them all.
Are you familiar with the history of the serial bells?
It is said that it is the oldest musical instrument kept in the world. You see, our ancestors already knew how to use music to enrich their lives so long ago.
Luckily indeed, our archaeologists discovered it by accident and thus displayed the marvelous ancient civilization of Chu State in front us.
In 1978, a soldier discovered a large tomb when building his house. It was really a great surprise to discover it at that time. Afterwards, archaeologists excavated these serial bells on the same spot. This was appraised to be the tomb of Zenghouyi. It was220 square meters, 20 metros deep, consisting of 4 tombs. The main coffin was made up of huge internal and external coffins. The man in it died at the age of 45. Those buried alive with the dead were all female, aged from 13 to 25. They were in 21 coffins.
Besides the serial bells, more than 7,000 other historical cultural relics have been unearthed, such as bronze ware, ancient musical instrument, weapons, golden ware, jade ware, painted ware, wooden ware, and bamboo ware. Most of them are unique art treasure and they were deliberately made.
What is especially worth mentioning is the ancient musical instrument, such as serial bells, stone chimes, drums, 25-stringed plucked zither, and bamboo flute. They are totally 8 types, including 124 pieces. The entire musical instrument is placed perfectly among the bronze serial bells. They make the tomb look like an ancient concert hall.
Today the underground concert hall has come back to life. As a major instrument, 64 serial bells are put in the middle room, lined along the north and west wall. It can be concluded that serial bells are Zenhouyi’s favorite, for his body was placed in the west room.
As wee see, these big bells are shaped like round-bottomed baskets; small ones are like warming pots. They are hung in 3 layers from the winding bell shelf that is 13 meters long, 2.7 meters high. The whole bell shelf is supported by 6 human-shape objects. It is as strong as newly cast.
Ok, let me give you a brief introduction about the elegant ancient serial bells. All the bells have been played. They are all carved with inscription about musical melody. Each bell can produce 2 pitches. After many years of research, we find that its amplitude approached the international level of today. The combined scale is the 7 notes in C major of today. Its compasses very side, including 5 and a half octaves. The whole sound may be adjusted. Its wooden shelf is quite exquisite. Although buried for 2,400 years, the serial bells are well played. It not only can be used to play with to produce scores with the same melody, but also can produce mixed sounds though harmony and repeat tunes. Chinese musical pieces, such as Intoning Three Times Before Leaving Yang Pass, The Moon On The Spring River, and foreign pieces, such as Christmas Eve, can be played on it, even Beethoven’s Ode to Joy in the Ninth Symphony can be. Foreign tourists are usually attracted by the fascinating music when listening to the Chinese song The Night On The Prairie. When foreign songs cut in, they are shocked by the old civilization of Chu State. As the famous violinist, Menuin praised it, ‘The grand Greek music is accepted by the world. However, the musical instruments in ancient Greece were made of wood, what’s more, not a single instrument is kept till today. Here we are able to enjoy the sound of the instrument of 2,000 years' history from the tomb of Chu State.
Actually, whoever enjoys the music played on the serial bells will be surprised at the great achievement made by the people of Chu State in the fields of music, culture, smelting, and casting.
According to the history, Chu State was called the state of rites and music at that time. People in Chu State love dancing. They danced in the palace and sang in the room. They knew how to enjoy dancing and singing. We can imagine the following scene. The host of the bomb was seated in his palace and watched the girls dancing. On both his sides sat his followers. They sat on the floor. A table with short legs was placed in front of them. They put one hand on the table that is used to hold arms. This can be proved by the relics in the tomb.
Do you know, in China, a male and a female mandarin ducks are the symbol of love, for they often play together in the water and live together. Can you see the box here? This box was found in the tomb. The box was painted. It was empty in it. But there are some pictures. They describe a very vivid situation; some people are striking bells, beating drums and dancing. This picture is very precious, for we can know how these instruments should be played, especially the serial bells.
I wonder if you have noticed that there is only one mandarin duck on the box. Do you know why? Oh, he is abandoned by his lover. But he found a new company—music. He didn’t heed the other mandarin duck, for what he really loved was music.
Temple of Solitary Joy is located at inside west city gate of Ji County, Tianjin City. It is known for its refined architecture skill in Channel's ancient buildings and has got the reputation of Six Best. These are: The earliest Dingshan Gate （Gate of Withstanding Hill） of the ground hall preserved now; The earliest Chiwei object on the Hill Gate preserved now; The earliest plane distribution which took pavilion as the center on the architecture plane; The biggest clay sculptured statue of Avalokiteavara inside a pavilion in China; The Avalokiteavara is also the most ancient high storeyed one; The more precious fact is that the Temple of Solitary Joy has stood unscathed after thousand years of rain, snow, wind and frost and 28 big attacks, hence the most durable ancient Monastery of thousand years.
Entering the Temple , the first comes to sight is 10 m high gate, on the arch of which there hangs a horizontal inscribed board: Temple of Solitary Joy. The single eaves ground hall roof was the roof building form during the western Tsin （AD265-316） and Southern and Northern Dyansty （420-589） period, which was called Siadading in ancient time and now it is called big roof. On the two ends of the plane ridge, there are inward Chiweis. Chi denoted sparrow hawk in ancient time, which is a kind of fierce bird. The stand base of the gate is comparatively low, but the hall pinnacle is much higher above eaves and the pottery animal figures look sturdy; solemn and sturdy. There is no ceiling inside the pinnacle, therefor the painted beam and purlieus are visible. The whole piece is exquisitely wrought, simple arranged and skillfully done, for which people gasp in administration.
Crossing the gate, one comes to the core building - Avalokitesvara Pavilion, 23 m in height. Form outside appearance, it is two storeyed, but inside there is a hidden storey, thus three storeyed in fact. On the eaves corners, pottery unicorns are sculptured, on which little Buddha statues ride. Copper bells are hung under eaves corners, swaying with the wind, a specially refined scene. The most attractive thing is the structure of Dougong （sets of brackets on top of the columns supporting the beams within and roof eaves without——each set consisting of tiers of outstretching arms called Gong, cushioned with trapezoidal blocks called Dou）. It is made of overlapping Dougong shaped wood blocks and bow shaped horizontal wood bars by adopting 24 forms with each layer stretching out as bracket, big in upper part and small in lower part, thinly scattered, steady and sturdy. It makes eaves of the pavilion look like flying, far and deep in the sky, a beautiful and magnificent view.
Entering the Avalokitesvara Pavilion, the very sight is a huge standing Avalokitesvara Statue. If one stands by it, his height is only up to her ankle. The Statue, 16.27 m in height, is the biggest clay sculpture of Avalokitesvara in China. Two statues of attendant Bodhisattvas under the knee of Avalokitesvara are also 3 m in height. On the crown of the head of Avalokitesvara, there are 10 small Avalokitesvare's heads, hence it is called 11 faces Avalokitesvara. Reviewing around the inner part of the pavilion, one can discover that pillars of high and low storeys are not directly linked through, but the pillars of the upper storey are inserted into the arch head of that of lower storey. The upper storey of the pavilion is in a form of six corners empty well, while the lower storey is in a form of square empty well. This kind of structure is not only beautiful and strong, but also adds the space of the upper part of Budha statues. On the four walls inside the pavilion, colorful murals are painted, the theme of which is the images of 16 Arhats and 2 Ming Dynasty Emperors, which are the earliest subjects of Buddhism. On he murals, 2 m high Arhats with 3 heads and 4 arms are extremely lifelike and Ming Emperors on the four walls are full of power and grandeur. On the upper part of the murals, there are mountains, forest, cloud and river, while on the lower part, there are paintings of secular themes with vivid and natural lines, which embody the superb the skill and arts of painting of ancient Buddhism in China.
hello,everyone,
wearenowgoingtopayavisittoaplaceofspecialinterest.thisscenicspotislocatedatthecenterofbeijingandischaracterizedbythousandsofpalatialarchitecturesandpurplewallsaswellasyellowglazedtileroofs-itissimplyaseaofpalaces.thisistheworld–famouswonder–thepalacemuseum.
thepalacemuseumhasservedastheroyalresidenceduringthemingandqingdynasties.itwasherethatatotalof24monarchsascendedthethroneandwieldedpowerforsome500years.thepalacemuseum,asthemostbeautifulspotofinterestthroughoutbeijing,isuniqueforitslocation:tothenorthwestisbeihai(northsea)park,famousforitswhitepagodaandripplinglake;tothewestisthezhongnahai(centralandsouthsea);totheeastliesthethewangfujingshoppingstreet;andtothenorthidjinshanpark.standinginthewanchun(everlastingspring)pavilionatthetopofjingshan(charcoalhill)park,youoverlooktheskylineofthepalacemuseum.atthesouthernendofthepalaceistian`anmen(gateofheavenlypeace)andthefamoussquarenamedafterit.thisisthesymbolofthepeople`srepublicofchina.
aworld-famoushistoricalsite,thepalacemuseumisontheworldheritagelistofunescoandisanembodimentoforientalcivilization.
thepalacemuseumisrectangularinshape,960meterslongfromnorthtosouthand750meterswidefromeasttowest,coveringaspaceof720,000squaremetersofwhich150,000isbuildingarea.ithas9000-strongroomsinit.accordingtolegendthereare9999.5room-unitsinall.thewholecompoundisenclosedbya10-meter-hignwallandisaccessedthroughfourentrances,namely,themeridiangateinthesouth,thegateofmilitaryprowessinthenorth,donghua(easternflowery)gateinthenorth,donghua(easternflowery)gateintheeastandxihua(westernflowery)gateinthewest.oneachcornerthereisaturretconsistedof9roofbeams,18pillarsand72ridge.encirclingthecompoundthereisa3,800-meter-longand52meter-widemoat,makingthepalacemuseumaself-defensivecity-within-acity.
thepalacemuseumwasmadeacenterofruleduringthemingdynastybyzhundi,thefourthsonofthefoundingemperorzhuyuanzhang.thewholecomplexstraddlesonan8-kilometers-longcentralaxisthatstretchesfromyongding(foreverstable)gateinthesouthtogulou(drumtower)inthenorth.prominencewasgiventotheroyalpowerbyputtingthe“threemainfronthalls”and“threebackhalls”ontheaxiswhilearrangeothersubsidiarystructurearoundthem.theconstructionofthepalacemuseuminvolvedmanpowerandresourcesacrosschina.forexample,thebrickslaidinthehalls,knownas“goldbrick,”underwentcomplex,two–dozenprocesses.asthefinaltouch,thefiredbricksweredippedinchinesewoodoil.involvingcomplicatedprocessesandhighcost,thesebrickarecalled“goldenbricks.”thepalacemuseumservesasalivingembodimentofgoodtraditionandstylesuniquetochina`sancientarchitecture.itreflectstothefulltheingenuityandcreativityofthechineseworkingpeople.acarefullypreservedandcompletegroupofroyalresidences,thepalacemuseumisaprominenthistoricalandtouristsite.
whatwearenowapproachingisthemainentrancetothepalacemuseum-themeridiangate,whichischaracterizedbyredwalls,yellowglazed–tileroofsandupturnedeaves.ontopofthiswalls,yellowglazed-tileroofsandupturnedeaves.ontopofthismagnificentbuilding,therestandfiveloftyhallswithamainhallinthecenter.themainhallisroofedbymultipleeavesandcoversaspaceof9room-units.itisflankedbytwowingsoneachside.thewingsaresquareinshape,completewithmultipleandfouredgedeavesandpinnacles.allofthesestructuresareconnectedbyacolonnade.becausethesehallsresembleasoaringbird,itwasalsoknowaswufenglou(five-phoenixtower).insidethemainhallthereisathrone.drumsandbellswerestoredinthewings.whenevertheemperorpresidedovergrandceremoniesorobservedritesinthehallofupremeharmony,drums,bellsandgongswouldbestrucktomarktheoccasion.
asthelegendgoes,themeridiangateusedtobeaplacewherecondemnedrankingofficialswouldbeexecuted.thisnottrue.however,floggingwascarriedoutherebythemingemperors,ifacourtierfallsafouloftheemperor,hewouldbestrippedofhiscourtdressandfloggingwithastick.atonepointthepunishmentbecamesoharshthatatotalof11peoplediedfromfatalwoundonasingleoccasion.ontheotherhand,thisbuildingwasalsousedtoobserveimportantoccasionslikethetraditionalchineselanternfestival(15thdayofthefirstlunarmonth).ontheseoccasions,chineselanternswouldbehangedandsumptuousbanquetswouldbegiveninhonourofthewholecourtofministersandotherrankingofficials.
uponenteringthemeridiangatewebeganourtourofthepalacemuseum.theriverfoowinginfrontofusisknownasjinshuihe(goldenwaterriver)andthefivemarblesbridgesspanningitareknownastheinnergoldenwaterbridges.theoninthemiddlewasusedexclusivebytheemperoranditsbanisterswerecarvedwithdragonandphoenixdesigns.thebridgesflankingtheimperialonewerereservedforprincesandotherroyalmembers.therestwereusedbypalatines.asidefromdecoration,thegoldenwaterriverwasalsodugasprecautionagainstfire.mostofthestructureswithinthepalacemuseumaremadeofwood.whatismore,accordingtoancientchinesecosmology,thesouthistheabodeoffire,sothisbrookwasdugonthesoutherntipofthepalace.inthisway,thepalacemuseumreflectstraditionalchineseculture.
thisbuildingiscalledthegateofsupremeharmony.intheforegroundstandtwobronzelions.cananybodytellwhichismaleandwhichisfemale?theoneontheeastplayingwithaballismale,symbolizingpoweranduniversalunity.theotheronthewestwithacubcuddlingunderneathitsclawisfemale?theoneontheeastplayingwithaballismale,symbolizingpoweranduniversalunity.theotheronthewestwithacubcuddlingunderneathitsclawisfemale,representingprosperitytheendlesssuccession.alayoutofthepalacemuseumispostedbytheentrance.fromit,youcanseethatthepalacemuseumhastwomainparts:theforecourtandtheinnercourt.thethreemainhallsconstitutethemainstayoftheforecourt,anditwasherethattheemperorannounceddecisionsandobservedrites.behindtheforecourtthereistheinnercourt,consistingofmajorhallsandtheimperialgarden.itwaswheretheemperorattendedstateaffairs,livedandenjoyedhisluxuriouslife.theexhibitionsystemofthepalacemuseuminvolveshistoricalcourtrelicsandarticlesofancientartandculture.thepalacemuseumhousesnearlyonemillionarticlesofraretreasure,oronesixthofthetotalnumberinallofchina`smuseums.therearethethreemainhallsofthepalacemuseum,builtonatriplemarbleterrace.sincemostofchina`sarchitectureismadeofwood,thebuildingscannotbetootall.togaintheheightofthearchitecture,ingeniousancientartisansbuiltthehallonagiganticstoneterrace.itisalsotothisendthatnotasingleplantwasgrowninthesquare.onstairwaysoftriplemarbleterracethereare18bronzetripods.theverandahisflankedbybronzetortoisesandcranes,whichservedassymbolsoflongevity.ontheeastisasundial,anancienttimepiece.onthewestthereisagrainmeasuresuggestingthattheemperorwasjustandequitable.
inthefrontandoneachflank,thereisapairofgiltbronzevats(caldrons)moldedduringthereignofemperorqianlongoftheqingdynasty.eachoftheseweights2tonsandisfilledwithwaterasaprecautionintheeventofafire.thestructureintheverymiddleisthehallofsupremeharmony,alsoknownasthethronehall.itis64metersinwidthandis38metersfromentrancetorear.withterraceexclusive,thehallis26.92metersinheightandis35.03metersinall.coveringandareaof2,377squaremeters,thehallofsupremeharmonyischina`slargestexitingwoodenstructure.thehallissupportedby6thick,roundpillarscarvedinadesignofcoilingdragons.astheholiestplaceinthehall,theceilingandcoloredpatternsweremadeofthefinestmaterialavailableatthattime.thethronewasplacedonaterraceandisflankedbystatuesofelephants,luduan(aunicornwhichcouldtravel18,000kilometersadayandunderstandalllanguages),cranesandincensebarrels.overthethronethereisthecaisson,orcoveredceiling,whichconsistsofacoilingdragonplayingwithaballinitsmouth.thisballisknownasxuanyuanmirror,andwassupposedlymadebyachineseemperorofremotetimestoserveasareminderthattheerulerstofollowwerehishereditaryheirs.thethroneismadeofnanmuandpaintedingold.magnificentlybuiltandluxuriouslydecorated,thishalldidnotserveasaplaceinwhichtheemperorattendedtodailyaffairs.heusedhishallformajoreventssuchashisbirthday,conferraloftitleofempressordispatchofgeneralstowar.
behindthehallofsupremeharmony,theresitsthehallofcompleteharmony.thisstructureissquareinshape.eachsideis24.15meters.thiswastheplacewheretheemperorrelaxedandgreetedhiscourtiersbeforeproceedingtothehallofsupremeharmonytoobserverites.thiswasalsotheplacewheretheemperorpreparedprayersorexaminedseedsandsowersbeforeheattendedancestralsacrificesorparticipatedinsnowingceremonies.agrandceremonywasalsoheldhereonceevery10yearsfortheemperortogenealogizetheroyalblood.therearetwosedanchairsondisplayinthehall.behindthehallofcompleteharmony,youwillseethehallofpreservingharmony,whichwasusedasaplacewhereimperialexaminationswereheld.theimperialexaminationwasthehignestlevelofcompetingformeritoriousappointmentunderthefeudalsystemdatingbacktothesuidynasty.china`slastimperialexaminationwasheldin1904duringthereignofemperorguangxuoftheqingdynasty.totherearofhallthereisamarblerampcarvedwithcloudanddragondesigns,thelargestofitskindinthewholecountry.itis16.57metersinlength,3.07metersinwidth,1.7metersthickandweighs250tons.itwasquarriedinfangshancountyinsuburbanbeijing.tobringthisgiantpieceofstonetobeijingpeoplepouredwaterontotheroadandappliedrollingblocksduringtheprocess.
wearenowstandingbeforethesquareofthehallofheavenpurity.itservedasadivideseparatingtheforecourtfromtheinnercourt.thisbuildingisknownasthegateofheavenlypurity.emperorqianlongheldcourthere.proceedingfurthernorth,youcanfindthreemainrearhalls,i.e.thehallofheavenlypurity.thehallofunionandpeaceandpalaceofearthlytranquility.thehallofheavenlypurityifflankedoneithersidebytwogatesnamedafterthesunandmoon.insidetheenclosurethereare12palacesandhallssymbolizingconstellations.alloftheotherbuildingsarecenteredaroundthepalaceofheavenlypurity,whichwasmeanttosuggestthatthemonarch`spowerwasendowedbyheaven.theempressandconcubineslivedintheinnercourt.
thehallofheavenlypuritywaswheretheemperorlivedandattendedtodailyaffairs.latertheemperormovedtoliveinthepalaceofmentalcultivation.lookingupyoucanseeaplaquebearingthechineseinscription“beopenandabove-board,”amanifestotocourtstruggle.behindtheplaqueastrongboxwasstoredcontainingawillbearingthenameofthewould–beroyalsuccessor.thisapproachofsecretlyselectingthenextemperorwasadoptedbyemperoryongzhengoftheqingdynasty.twocopiesofthewillwereprepared.onewasstashedbytheemperorinperson,theotherwasplacedinsidethestrongboxbehindtheplaque.afterthedeathoftheemperor,thetwocopieswouldbecomparedandsuccessorwouldbeannounced.itwasinthiswaythatemperorqianglongandothershaveascendedthethrone.
behindthehallofheavenlypurityyouwillseethehallofunionandpeace,whichisindenticaltothehallofcompleteharmony.itwastherethattheemperorreceivedcongratulationsandtributesfromimperialofficialsonmajorcalenderoccasions,atotalof25imperialsealsarestoredthere.inthehall,youwillseeaplaquewiththehandwritteninscriptionof“wewei,”exhortingtaoistdoctrines.
furthernorthwardisthepalaceofearthlytranquillity,whichonceservedasthelivingroomoftheempresses`.thehallwaslaterconvertedintoasacrificialplace.throughthewindowpanesontheeasternwallyoucanseetheroyalbeddecoratedwithdragonandphoenixdesigns.thishallhasalsoservedasthebridalchamberofmonarchs.
Today we are going to visit the three pagodas temple of Dali. Welcome, everyone!
Before we got the three pagodas temple, I would like to give you a brief introduction of Dali. Why is it called Dali? As we all know Dali has a long history. After the Kingdom of NanZhao, Duansiping Established the Kingdom of Dali. li this Chinese word refers to manners， indicated the hope of the king that make his country a prosperous and civilized place.
Dali is a world famous tourist attraction. It is rich in cultural heritages and tourist resources. Dali is widely claimed as the Oriental Switzerland， the Chinese Geneva and the Pearl on the Yunnan Plateau。 Each year, it attracts thousands of tourists both at home and from abroad to pay a visit. For example, the Cangsang mountain, Erhai lake, Dali Ancient city and the Three Pagodas are all important resorts in Dali. And we are all familiar with the saying:wind, flowers, snow and the moon， which refers to the snow on Cangshan mountain, the moon of the Erhai Lake, the wind of Shangguan county and the flowers in Xiaguang county. There are regarded as the best sight of Dali. We will enjoy them later.
The Bai Nationality is the chief nationality in Dali Prefecture. It has the second biggest population among the 25 ethnic minorities in Yunnan, totaling more than 1,000,000 people. The Bai people have a long history and a well-developed culture. Under the influence of the Han people, some of their customs and habits are quite similar to those of the Han people. As our bus keeps moving on towards Dali, you will see more and more houses and villiages that have a strong local colour of the Bai people.
Dali City is the capital of the Bai Autonomous Prefecture. As the largest city in the west of Yunnan, it covers an area of 1,400 square kilometers with a population of more than 450,000. In addition, Dali City is the political, economic and cultural center of Dali, as well as one of the important gateways to the Southeast Asian nations.
OK, everyone, we are now at the Three Pagodas Temple. Lets go inside and see.
Three Pagodas are the ancient landmarks. They have been the symbol of Dali. The temple located in the piedmont of Cangshan mountain and the near the Erhai Lake. The three pagodas are the only building of the temple. Because the temple went through the war and has been ruined. In Chinese we call it cong shen， which means admiring the Buddha, and this Buddha refers to the 觀音。
After cross this plaza we will be in the temple. See ,the three pagodas stand there. The major Pagoda, built during the period of NanZhao State, stands 69 meters in height and is divided into 16 tiers. Each tier is inlaid with the statues of Buddha. On its front, four Chinese characters are quite striking, meaning Ensuring Tranquility to Mountains and Rivers Forever. From this, we can conclude that one of the reasons to built this pagoda is to prevent disasters. This pagoda, we call it 千尋。
The three pagodas have a history of more than 1,000 years. They have warthered the storms and earthquakes several years. Still, the three pagodas stand firm and erect. They clearly show us the exquisite and superb craftsmanship of the ancient Chinese architecture.
In recent years, the local government renovated the three pagodas. During the renovation, inside the major pagoda were found lots of treasures: Buddhist Sciptures, gold, silver, bronze and iorn wares, pearl, agate, amber, jade and some herbs, totaling more than 600 pieces.來源：考試大網
These three pagodas make a beautiful picture. If seen from a far distance, you will have such a feeling that how can this miracle exist in this world. Every time when I saw them, I always wondered that. They are really the wonderful works made by Bai people.
This way, please, everyone. Now we can see the Statue of Yutong 觀音。 It is a rebuilt one, the original one was destroyed before. This statue is different from other statues of觀音 in other places around China. Whats the difference? Please look at it clearly. Its face looks like a womans face, and its body resembles a man s body. This feature can not be found in other statue.
After visiting the temple, we will go to enjoy the scenery of Cangshan mountain and Erhai Lake, Ok ,Lets go, everyone.
中文版
云南大理是中國唯一的白族自治州，是云南歷史文化的最早發祥地之一。秦王朝時期，中央政府把大理地區正式納入中國版圖，漢王朝在這里設置郡縣，唐代的南詔國和宋代的大理國在這里建國都，大理成為當時的云南政治、經濟、文化中心。大理古城是全國歷史文化名城，有獻名邦、亞洲文化十字路口的古都的美譽。大理還是是全國首批優秀旅游城市之一，榮獲最佳中國魅力城市稱號。
大理悠久的歷史、燦爛的文化遺留下了眾多的文物古跡。其中，最負盛名的就是大理三塔，它以其悠久的歷史，豐富的文化內涵及其獨特的美學價值，并于1961年被國務院例為第一批公布的全國重點文物保護單位。
在眾多游客的心目中，崇圣寺三塔是大理的象征，也是云南古代歷史文化的象征，也是中國南方最古老、最宏偉的建筑之一。到了大理如果不游三塔，就不算游了大理。
大理三塔位在蒼山之麓，洱海之畔。湖光山色把三塔打扮的分外妖嬈，而三塔對持，金碧交輝，又把蒼山洱海點綴得更加秀美。大理三塔就象美麗而多情的白族少女，以其獨特的卓越風姿，歡迎四面八方的游客。據記載，大理三塔原來是崇圣寺的一部分。如今，寺院已在歷代的戰亂和災害中毀壞。而三塔卻歷經千余年滄桑而保存了下來，這不能不說是一種歷史的文化緣分。
這里我還要告訴大家三塔具有不同于內地塔的兩個特點:一是三塔層數均為偶數,而內地塔多為奇數.二是中原塔由基座向上直線收縮,下大上小,呈矩梯形;而三塔上下較小,中部較大,外部輪廓呈曲線,具有曲線美,與中原塔相比更為挺拔俊秀.
我國擁有豐富淵博的傳統文化和歷史文物，吸引了很多外國游客。近年來，旅游業蓬勃發展，在國民經濟中占了越來越重要的份額。據預測，到2020年，我國將成為全球第一大旅游目的地國。旅游翻譯，特別是導游詞翻譯是加快旅游發展以及旅游國際化的一個重要活動。導游詞是導游人員引導旅客參觀游覽時的解說詞，可以幫助游客更好地領會風土人情、自然風光以及傳播文化知識。然而，有些導游詞的譯文忽略了游客的文化背景和接受信息的能力，比如對詞匯空缺視而不見，或者直接采取音譯法，影響了外國游客對中國文化和歷史的理解，難以吸引外國游客。鑒于導游詞翻譯的重要作用，我們有必要探討怎樣才能提高英文導游詞的質量。本文從功能翻譯理論出發，結合其在景點導游詞翻譯中的應用，探究如何通過有效的策略增強英文導游詞的吸引力，滿足外國游客在旅游中獲取景點信息并了解中國文化的需求。
一、功能翻譯理論
功能翻譯理論是20世紀70年代由德國學者提出的翻譯理論。重要理論有賴斯的功能主義翻譯批評理論，威密爾的目的論，曼塔莉的翻譯行為理論和諾德的功能加忠誠理論。1971年，賴斯首次提出翻譯功能論（functional approach），引入“功能類型”這一概念，她的理論仍是建立在以原文作為中心的“等值”基礎之上，其實質指的是尋求譯文與原文的功能對等。賴斯認為，翻譯時應先確定文本類型，再確定翻譯方法，并且二者應當一致。賴斯概括了三種基本文本類型：信息文本、表達文本和操作文本，其功能分別是為讀者提供信息、表達原文作者的情感和召喚讀者做出行動。威密爾是賴斯的學生，但是他的目的論突破了對等理論的限制，不提倡一成不變和源語言中心。目的論提倡譯文的預期目的決定著翻譯方法或策略，即結果決定過程。它有三個法則：目的法則、連貫性法則和忠實性法則。之后，曼塔利提出翻譯行為理論，該理論區分了“翻譯行為”和“翻譯”。作為對目的論的補充，諾德的“功能加忠誠”原則“要求譯者在翻譯行為中對翻譯過程中的各方參與者負責，竭力協調好各方關系”。其中，對“各參與方負責”具體指對翻譯發起者、目的語讀者和原文作者負責，導游詞不能根據譯者想法胡亂編寫。
二、功能翻譯理論在導游詞翻譯中的應用
目前，我國旅游業也處于加快發展的關鍵時期，入境旅游、國內旅游和出境旅游這三大市場發展迅速，而入境旅游和出境旅游的導游服務都具有涉外性。因此導游員不僅要宣傳中國文化，還要當好“民間外交家”，促進民間交往。在入境旅游中，導游詞應起到幫助導游員達到宣傳中國文化的作用。下面就是以一些旅游景點為例，針對導游詞的主體部分的翻譯，具體說明功能翻譯理論在導游詞翻譯中的應用。
例1：德天瀑布隨四季變化，姿色各異，春，木棉如火，點綴在一片銀河傾盆之間，頓覺春風得意，夏，河水漲溢，激流排山倒海沖瀉而下，倍感兩袖清風，心曠神怡，秋，素娟高掛，碧水清流渲染在豐收景致之中，注滿了豐收的喜悅，冬，流水織秀，多束水流悠悠而下，感受神清氣和，心境清高。
Detian Waterfall offers different beauty with the change of every season. In spring， the waterfall is interspersed with red kapok， which makes us elated. In summer， the overflowing river rushes rapidly and overwhelmingly form upstream， which makes us cool and relaxed. In autumn， the moon hanging on the sky and clear water render the landscape of harvest， which makes us feel the joy of harvest. In winter， several streams flow down slowly， which make us clear and calm.
中英文導游詞有不同的書寫習慣。中文導游詞講究形式對稱、多用排比，以求行文工整，語言精美華麗、詩意盎然，用詞凝練含蓄。而英文導游詞結構嚴謹，語言表達通俗直觀，措辭簡單明了，句式大多采用簡單句和簡單的復合句。在導游詞英譯過程中，如果一味要求與原文一致，那么在我們看來很美的句子在外國游客眼中則是晦澀難懂。所以，在翻譯時要注意實用性，也就是目的性，要讓外國游客了解景點并且產生共鳴。“目的論的連貫性法則（coherence rule）要求譯文必須符合語內連貫的標準，即譯文必須能讓接受者理解，并在目的語文化及使用譯文的交際環境中有意義” 。因此，導游詞翻譯不僅要讓游客了解景點和相關情況，還要在游客的文化背景及導游過程中有意義。在翻譯過程中，如果遇到一些具有重復意義的詞語，不要求逐字逐句翻譯，將原文信息全部表達，否則會使譯文冗長，增加游客負擔，降低游覽興趣。譯者可以使用省譯法來刪減重復意義的詞匯，力求譯文直觀通俗。中文導游詞中的排比句式在翻譯中也可以有所體現，因為排比可以增強節奏感和條理性，有利于抒發強烈的感情并且產生共鳴，同時譯者也要注意連貫性。
例2：佛子山景區內峰巒疊嶂，群山環抱；林木繁茂，溪洞縱橫，山清水秀。生態資源豐富，生物種類繁多。
With overlapping peaks， luxuriant forest， countless streams and caves and picturesque scenery， Fozi Mountain enjoys a wide variety of ecological resources and biological species.
例3：黃姚古鎮是一個古樸別致的山水園林古鎮。鎮中的古榕，奇石和小橋流水交相輝映，營造出一幅“小橋、流水、人家”的自然田園風景。
The ancient town of Huangyao is a quaint town with landscape garden. In this town， banyan， wonderful stones， small bridges and running brooks contrast finely with each other and create a picture of pastoral life.
信息文本、表達文本和操作文本是賴斯概括出來的三種基本文本類型。在翻譯之前，應先判斷文本類型，再確定翻譯方法。雖然導游詞是集信息、表達、傳喚為一體的復合文本，但是我們可以發現例2和例3主要是介紹佛子山景區，所以可以視為信息文本，其功能是為游客提供景區信息，文本重心在文本內容上，譯文應該以傳達文本內容為主，因此翻譯時用詞應簡單易懂，內容上要表達清楚明了。但是，重內容文本并不是不講究形式，重形式文本也不是忽略文本內容，二者相輔相成，不能截然分開。此外，表達文本類型的功能是表達情感，強調文本形式和美學效果，可以采取對照式翻譯，采用文本作者的視點，而操作文本類型的功能是召喚行動，強調文本效果，可以采取調整式翻譯。
例4：桂林風景秀麗，以漓江風光和喀斯特地貌為代表的山水景觀，有 “四絕”之譽，是中國自然風光的典型代表和經典品牌。“千峰環野立，一水抱城流”，這是對桂林山水的真是寫照。
Characterized by the picturesque scenery of Li River and karst formation， Guilin is a typical representative of China's natural scenery and enjoys the honor of “four unique scenic features”， namely green mountains， clean rivers， wonderful caves and grotesque rocks. "Thousands of pinnacles stand towering around； a river winds its way about the city." This is a vivid description of Guilin scenery.
但是由于文化背景不同，外國旅客往往會對中國文化特別是一些文化詞缺乏了解，這不利于文化的傳播。因此，導游詞的英譯應該考慮到文化差異，根據諾德的忠誠原則，對翻譯發起者、原文作者以及旅客負責。例4中，雖然原文作者沒有說清“四絕”是哪四絕，但是譯者可采取補充說明的方法，向外國游客更好地宣傳。桂林的“四絕”指的是山青、水秀、洞奇、石美，所以在英文導游詞中應補充這些信息。此外，中文導游詞中不乏具有本國特色的文化詞，在翻譯時應該做出補充說明。如西施，可以譯為“Xishi， a famous beauty in ancient China”，文房四寶可以譯為“the Four Treasure of the Study，namely brush， ink stick， paper， and ink stone”五行可譯為“Five Elements （metal， wood， water， fire and earth）”， 如果在翻譯過程中能對這些文化詞進行補充說明，主動為游客解惑，就能避免游客產生誤解，加深他們對中國文化的了解。
三、結語
［關鍵詞］導游詞 英語翻譯 語境差異
［中圖分類號］H315［文獻標識碼］A［文章編號］1009-5349（2010）11－0048－01
一、導游詞翻譯過程中的語境差異
漢語是世界上最復雜的語言之一。復雜之一便在于意義“語境”。語境是各種各樣的，所以中文的詞義也是千變萬化的。例如：“書”的英文是book，可是介紹中國女子擅長的“琴棋書畫”中的“書”卻是handwriting或者callyigraphy。在導游詞講解翻譯過程中，不要受中文的約束，要時時留心意義語境，這樣才能確保譯文的準確性。例：“中國國家旅游局” China’s National Tourism Administration；“世界旅游日”World Tourist Day。
同是旅游，前者和旅游業有關，后者和旅游者有關，只看文字的字面意義，不注意它的實際含義 ;不了解實際情況，不管文字出現的具體場合，甚至按照字面的直譯或意譯，就會造成誤譯，給外國游客留下錯誤的印象。翻譯時不能受中文的約束，時時留意語境，才能保證譯文的準確性。可見中文的語境意義是要格外引起注意的。
二、導游詞翻譯過程中的詞匯本義和引申義的差異
在導游詞翻譯過程中有時會遇到某些詞在詞典上找不到適當的詞義，如果生搬硬套，不能確切地表達原意，甚至會造成誤解。這時要做的是根據上下文，從該詞的根本含義出發，進一步加以引申。引申意義也是脫離不了詞的本義。如 “風景如畫的西湖 ”。這里的“風景如畫”用什么詞好？“picturesque”是個不錯的選擇。“嵩山以習武著稱，又是佛教名山，山中寺院林立。”用“galaxy（星系，銀河）”這個詞引申一下表示“多”，這句話可譯成：With a galaxy of temples,the Songshan Mountain is one of China’s Buddhist shrines as well as a center of Chinese material arts。由此可見，在一定語境下，語言的引申很重要。
三、導游詞翻譯過程中成語直譯與闡譯的差異
兩種語言畢竟存在差異，還有很多成語直譯后得不到相對應的成語。當直譯有困難或勉強譯出，而英語游客又無法理解時，一般應采用闡譯法。闡譯主要是指在翻譯時抓住內容和喻義這一重要方面，結合上下文，比較靈活地表達原意。如：“上有天堂，下有蘇杭”如果直譯便是：Heaven above Hangzhou and Suzhou below，這樣外國游客便會丈二和尚摸不到頭腦。原文要表達的是舉世無雙的意思，用闡譯法則譯成：As there is a paradise in heaven,there are Hangzhou and Suzhou on earth。這樣外國游客就能理解了。一般說來，成語的主要意義并不等于構成該成語的各個單詞之義的簡單疊加，而是要大于它，甚至同它大相徑庭。這就是：“熟悉的詞用于表達不熟悉的意思”。如下例中“雞毛蒜皮”一詞的英譯，光譯這個成語的形象是不能達意的，只好又加一句，點名形象的聯想意義，只是不免有些累贅。例：“我們盡忙著雞毛蒜皮的事，還沒有顧得上呢。”――“We haven’t had time,we’ve been too busy with chicken feather and onion skin affairs,with light trivial matters!”
四、導游詞翻譯過程中的被動句翻譯的主、被動差異
在導游詞翻譯中我們常會碰到被動句。漢語的被動句子，從結構上來說，大體可以分為兩類：一類帶有表達被動意義的標記；另一類則不帶這種標記。普通而常見的是后一類。不論屬于哪一類，英譯時基本上仍可運用被動語態。例：“張家界被列入世界自然遺產。”――“Zhangjiajie has been listed in the world natrual heritage list”。這一類句子有的說出了動作的主動者，有的則沒有說出。但不管哪種情況都著重被動的動作，這也是之所以用被動形式的原因。需要注意的是中文里表示被動的不要老在找“被”字，而是更要關注象“挨”“由”“給”“予以”“遭到”“受到”“為”“所”等詞作為被動符號。例：她深受大家的尊敬――She is greatly respected by everyone。
五、主動句翻譯的主被動差異
在翻譯導游詞的時候，不要受到中文主動句約束，有時可有意識地運用被動語態。有些句子在形式上一般都有主語，也有動詞，但是主語在實際上是謂語動詞的動作承受著者，而不是執行者。動作執行者并未出現。這種句子結構上為主動句，而含義上是被動句。這一類型被動句在漢語中大量存在，英譯時一般也要用被動語態來處理。例：武漢的黃鶴樓初建于三國時期。――Wuhan’s Huanghelou (Yellow Crane)Tower,was originally built in the Three Kingdoms Period。上面的例句如果用被動語態翻譯比主動語態要更生動，所以在導游翻譯中大量的中文主動句要根據情況靈活地譯成英語的被動句。
【關鍵詞】旅游專業英語 ESP 教學改革 任務型語言教學模式
隨著中國經濟的快速發展和經濟全球一體化發展趨勢,中國已經成為世界上最可靠的投資熱土和最安全的旅游勝地。旅游業涉外服務性質決定了從業人員應具有較強的英語實際運用能力,尤其是優秀的英語聽說能力。為了滿足市場對人才的需求,增強涉外旅游人才的競爭力,就必須強化旅游專業學生英語口語實際操作能力,培養其以英語作為交際手段的業務能力。
筆者從事旅游專業英語教學已有五年。在這五年中,筆者不斷地思考并探索這門課程教學改革的方向和思路,通過收集資料,分析現狀,結合實際教學,筆者總結出一套具有較強針對性的教學改革方案,并運用于教學中。實踐證明,該教改方案明顯、有效地提高了教學效果,改善了目前不符合市場需要的人才培養方案和傳統的教學模式、教學方法,達到了真正提高學生行業英語應用能力的目標。
1 我國旅游專業英語教學現狀及評價
在國外,旅游專業英語是專門用途英語(ESP)一個分支,興起于20世紀60年代的西方,其教學和研究已經碩果累累,而在我國則方興未艾,屬于職業教育范疇。近年來,國內中高等職業學校、各大專本科院校及其獨立學院、二級學院、成人學院普遍為其旅游專業方向的學生開設該門課程,此外,一些社會培訓機構也會根據市場需要為學員提供旅游專業英語培訓,各旅行社本身也定期為員工做英語培訓。就學校教育而言,該教學的普及開展為無數未來涉外旅游人才提供語言準備,取得了一定的教學成績,為我國旅游業的發展做出了一定貢獻。然而,通過對大量旅行社用人單位尤其是從事涉外業務的旅行社做問卷調查,綜合意見表明,目前大部分旅游專業畢業生的英語實際應用能力較以往有所提高但還達不到涉外旅行社的用人要求,教學效果普遍有待提高。總的來說,教學模式和方法跟不上旅游專業能力需要。
2 論旅游專業英語的教學改革措施
2.1明確培養目標
無論是職業學校還是大專本科院校,開設旅游專業英語課程的目標都是為旅行社培養英語實際應用能力強的初、中乃至高級職業人才。對于旅游業而言,英語實際應用能力主要指應用英語進行熟練的口頭交際能力、英文導游詞寫作能力以及旅行社常用英文行程安排表、旅游路線介紹資料的處理能力,包括要學會運用英語進行有關顧客接待、旅行線路推廣等業務會話;在游覽過程中,要能夠與外方游客用英語進行順暢口頭交流;熟悉英文導游詞寫作套路和方法,掌握英文行程安排表和旅游路線介紹資料的翻譯技巧等。
2.2構建“口語任務+專業知識”教學模式
口語任務是指以任務的形式布置給學生的行業英文口語練習,包括課堂即興口語任務和課后作業性質口語任務。課堂即興口語任務的內容是角色扮演,學生自由分組,有三種形式,形式一:給每組一段旅游英文情景對話,讓學生以角色扮演形式把對話表演出來,互評打分;形式二:給每組一個場景和部分相關英語用語,讓學生按要求模擬給定場景以角色扮演形式編英文情景對話并表演出來,互評打分;形式三:給每組一段英文導游詞和一個景點及相關背景介紹,讓學生分析已給導游詞的寫作套路,然后按照該套路就已給景點寫導游詞并口頭表演該導游詞。課后作業性質口語任務的內容則更加豐富且形式多樣,例如:把學生分成若干組,給每組一段旅游從業者日常工作對話(中文或英文錄音),拿到中文稿的組把中文稿翻譯成英文,做成中英對照稿PPT且以英文角色扮演的形式表演出來,并錄像或錄音;拿到英文錄音的組把英文錄音翻譯成中文,做成中英對照稿PPT同樣以英文角色扮演的形式表演出來,并錄像或錄音。將完成的PPT、錄像或錄音作為課件供學生觀摩、互評和打分。類似這樣的口語任務能充分發揮學生能動性,以學生實踐為目標導向,寓教于練,學生完成任務后成就感自信心倍增,開口說英語的意愿更加強烈,會期待甚至主動索要下一個任務。專業知識是指旅游業專業知識,包括旅行社英文工作用語和行業知識。這部分教學通過引導學生學習旅行社日常工作中的英文情景對話和旅游行業介紹文章來實現,是對口語任務的補充。
構建“口語任務+專業知識”教學模式,應以引導學生完成口語任務為主,輔以專業知識教學,著重口語任務的設計、安排和組織,主要通過多種口語任務培養學生英語交際能力和旅游專業素養,整個教學過程在學生參與下完成,教學目的更明確,更能調動學生積極性,更強調實踐,更符合全球化形勢下,國際旅游業對行業人才教育的新高要求。
2.3采用“還原+創造情景”為主,教師精講引導,學生自主多練的教學方法
筆者自2006年起便開始在實際教學中嘗試構建“口語任務+專業知識”教學模式,經過反復教學實踐和教學效果比對,筆者總結出“還原+創造情景”為主,教師精講引導,學生自主多練的教學方法。該教學方法是TBLT教學思想和情景教學法的有機結合,按照該方法,具體教學過程是:還原并精講旅游英文情景對話+布置課堂即興口語任務(形式一)—創造旅游情景并布置課堂即興口語任務(形式二,形式三)—精講旅游行業介紹文章—布置課后作業性質口語任務。
縱觀整個教學過程,教學難重點在前兩步,解決辦法:旅游相關情景涵蓋面廣,較為復雜,情景易交錯,因此應把旅游的各種情景、每個情景下對應的對話分類進行教學。第一步:教學時,盡量利用多媒體等現代教學手段模擬出旅游真實場景,若條件允許可利用旅游實訓室或實習基地,給出場景說明和角色描述從而實現還原情景,精講該情景下的對話,著重行業術語和常用表達法,然后引導學生以角色扮演形式表演已學情景對話。例如:給學生播放一段導游與游客在九寨黃龍景區的情景對話錄像或錄音,介紹對話背景和角色,重點為學生講解對話中出現的專業術語和有用表達法例如:Karst(喀斯特地貌),Layer Waterfall(分層瀑布)Tibetan Buddhism(藏傳佛教),Now it's time for free visit, enjoy yourselves, we'll gather again in 20 minutes at the main gate.(現在是自由活動時間,大家隨意游覽,20分鐘以后我們在大門集合)等,給出對話原稿。不斷重播對話錄像或錄音,引導學生從整體上把握且熟讀熟記對話,然后布置課堂即興口語任務形式一:讓學生分組以角色扮演的形式把該對話表演出來,互評打分。第二步:在第一步場景基礎上,利用多媒體,有條件者可利用實訓室、實習基地,有目的地引入或創設一個類似的旅游場景,創造角色放入該場景,對角色和場景進行詳細描述說明,以實現創造情景,然后給出話題和對話要求,列出有用英語術語和表達法,然后布置課堂即興口語任務形式二:引導學生在該情景下,根據對話要求,以角色扮演的形式,口頭編情景對話。教師應做大量課前準備,才能在課堂中真實還原和創造旅游情景,準備工作包括:分類整理旅游情景對話、收集篩選相關資料(文字、錄音或視頻)、設計場景說明和角色描述、預先分配課堂練習時間等。
上述教學過程后兩步是對前兩步教學的補充和加強:精講旅游行業介紹文章,著重引導學生把握各類景區和旅行社運作情況,有助于其加深行業知識,培養專業素養;布置課后作業性質口語任務,加入多種形式的口語練習,有助于增加學生參與興趣,達到強化其口語提高英語交際能力的目的。
【參考文獻】
[1] 朱華. 旅游英語教程[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社,2011.
[2] 朱華. 四川英語導游景點講解[M]. 北京:中國旅游出版社,2004.
